1. American History: Chapter 9
Jacksonian America

2. Election of 1828

3. The Rise of Mass Politics
Jackson points of note:
orphaned
Carolinas to Tennessee
duels, stabbings, bloody fights...oh my
first President from the West
second president w/o college education
risen from the masses, though not one

4. The Rise of Mass Politics
Jackson's Inauguration
thousands came to see this American hero "Old Hickory"
open to everyone
got a little out-of-hand
for conservatives...oh good grief

5. The Rise of Mass Politics

6. The Rise of Mass Politics
Age of Jackson
More Americans (white males) participated in politics (econ. equality not changing)
Property requirements and taxpaying requirements disappeared in many states
State Constitutions changed (West and East did so to keep people from moving out west)
Voting did NOT extend to women or African Americans
Western states gain more prominence

7. The Rise of Mass Politics
Dorr Rebellion 1842
Forced conservatives in RI to adopt a new constitution that expanded suffrage
1663, really?
“People’s Party”
2 operating governments in RI
Dorr rebellion failed
did make some changes

8. The Rise of Mass Politics
In the South
election laws favored planters and politicians from older counties,
limited influence of new western areas
Un otro thingo about the South
By 1828 state electors elected by the people, not congressional caucuses
Except in SC

9. The Rise of Mass Politics Continued
Presidential electors:
Traditionally chosen by state legislatures
1828: all but SC allowed popular vote of electors
Presidential election trends:
1824: 27% of adult white males voted
1828: 58% of adult white males voted
1840: 80% of adult white males voted
Democracy in America:
Alexis de Tocqueville
Argued that America lacked typical aristocracies, people could rise and fall

10. The Rise of Mass Politics Continued
1820s/30s saw permanent, institutionalized parties
Began at state level in NY w/ Martin Van Buren’s factional “Bucktails”
2 parties would “check” and “balance” each other
1830s: two party system at the national level
Democrats (Jackson) and Whigs (Clay)

11. The Rise of Mass Politics Continued
The “Common Man” President
Equality for all white males
Against wealthy, eastern establishments (BUS)
Dem. party embraced no uniform ideological position
extend opportunity to rising classes of west and south

12. The Rise of Mass Politics
Jacksonian Democracy
Spoils System-reward supporters with offices
“Political Machines” in the North
A. J.- “every man is as good as his neighbor”
new blood better than an old aristocratic/bureaucratic class
20% fed. officials replaced

13. The Rise of Mass Politics
Jacksonian Democracy
The will of the American people should govern
Voters should directly elect national offices
President and Senators
We still have an Electoral College for The President, we directly elect Senators

14. The Rise of Mass Politics Continued
National Party Convention:
Re-nominated Jackson in 1832
Replaced the congressional caucus w/ vote of people
National Party Convention and Spoils System
upset established elites
did little to really transfer power to the people

15. “Our Federal Union” John C. Calhoun:
VP under JQ Adams and Jackson (1st Term)
1828 Tariff of Ab. cause for stagnation in So. econ.
mostly b/c overuse of land and opening of west
raised the price of manufactured goods
forced foreign markets to impose tariffs (So. exported goods)
anxiety over federal interference regarding slavery
Missouri Compromise debate
1822 Denmark Vesey (free black led an aborted slave revolt in Charleston)

16. “Our Federal Union” John C. Calhoun:
Wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)
("Let the New England beware how she imitates the Old")
Urged states to nullify the Tariff of Abominations
Argued since the states created the federal government, they had the ability to nullify federal laws
flags at half mast
argued the Tariff violated the Constitution
argued the states had the right to nullify the Tariff
sound familiar?

17. “Our Federal Union” Rise of M. V . B.
member of A. J’s Cabinet and Kitchen Cabinet:
Group of official and unofficial advisors to Jackson
A. J’s hand-picked successor to Presidency
Calhoun sees writing on the wall

18. “Our Federal Union” Continued
Webster-Hayne Debate:
States’ Rights (Hayne) v. National Power (Webster)
temp. stop to sale of west lands...Hayne felt this benefitted eastern elite
wanted south to join with west to combat “tyranny”
Hayne advocated nullification
“Second Reply to Hayne”
Webster advocated national power, how dare you question Union integrity
“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”

19. “Our Federal Union” Continued
Andrew Jackson:
“Our Federal Union-It must be preserved”
splitsville for he and Calhoun

20. “Our Federal Union” Continued
Nullification Crisis:
Calhoun becomes Senator from SC
SC nullified tariffs of 1828 and 1832
SC State Elections in 1832
"Nullies" gain more than 2/3 majority
convene in a special convention
declare the Tariff to be null and void in SC
threaten to leave the Union if Washington tried to collect duties

21. “Our Federal Union” Continued
Jackson sent naval force and military to SC
prepared to send army
issued a proclamation against the nullification
(this was countered by a SC proclamation)
we are at an impass...so what do we do?

22. “Our Federal Union” Continued
we compromise of course…
Henry Clay (remember, not fond of Jackson)
new Tariff in 1833
reduction of rates 10% over the next 8 years
disliked by north, favored by south

23. “Our Federal Union” Continued
Congress also passed the Force Bill ("Bloody Bill")
President could use military might to collect federal tariff duties

24. “Our Federal Union” Continued
Take away from this…
no "winner" in this
avoidance of a civil war for the time being
no real resolution
Henry Clay-hero and the "Great Compromiser"

25. The Removal of Indians Indian Removal Act (1830)
Aimed to move southern tribes to west of MS River
Jackson advocated removal of Natives west of Mississippi River
G. W’s administration recognized them as foreign nations (formally purchase lands)
Many thought “Christianize and Civilize”
Many tribes violently resisted
Many viewed Indians as a barrier to American economic advancements

26. The Removal of Indians “5 Civilized Tribes”
Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chaickasaw, and Seminole
Cherokee had written constitution, legal code, agri. economy
Located in the South – GA, AL, MS, FL

27. The Removal of Indians
When gold was discovered on their land, Georgia tried to assert authority over the Cherokees
Cherokees appeal to Supreme Court
Cherokees v. Georgia (1831)
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Supreme Court stated Natives could NOT be forced to move
Jackson ignores the decision

28. The Removal of Indians Trail of Tears: Winter of 1838
Forced removal of 1,000s of Natives
1/8 died during or shortly after arriving out west

29. The Removal of Indians Many Indians distrusted the Americans
Black Hawk led a resistance to the eviction
defeated 1832 (Jefferson Davis and Abe Lincoln involved)

30. The Removal of Indians
guerilla warfare waged in the Florida swamps by the Seminoles
Osceola (leader) captured under the guise of a truce

31. The Removal of Indians Mid-19th Century Americans believed:
western lands had no pre-existing civilizations
Natives could not be equal partners
Natives were obstacles to overcome
Natives lacked “intelligence, industry, and moral habit for improvement”

32. Jackson and the Bank War
Maysville Road Veto:
Jackson vetoed bill that was part of intrastate commerce

33. Jackson and the Bank War
Bank Crisis
Jackson despised big business and monopolistic banks (Bank of the U.S.)
Bank of U.S. minted gold and silver, not paper
Paper notes printed by private banks (value of the notes fluctuated)
Jackson felt the Bank of U.S. policies influenced the Panic of 1819
Nicholas Biddle:
President of the BUS (privately owned)

34. Jackson and the Bank War
Hard Money Advocates:
Favored payment with gold and silver
Wealthy would favor
Soft Money Advocates
Favored paper money
Poor would favor, lead to inflation
concerned about speculation

35. Jackson and the Bank War
1832 Congress passed a renewal to the Bank's charter (proposed by Clay and Webster)
the charter was up for renewal in 1836, but Clay wanted to make it an issue for election of 1832
Jackson vetoed this
unconstitutional (b/c it was monopolistic)
(McCullugh v. Maryland 1819 Supreme Court determined it was constitutional)
harmful to the nation (only served the wealthy)
(Jackson is saying the president trumped 2/3 of Congress)

36. Jackson and the Bank War
Election of 1832…
no contest
Jackson reelected (Clay had deeper pockets)
first time a third party candidate was involved (Anti-Masonic)
National Conventions (nominated candidates, Anti-Masonic and National Republicans adopted formal platforms)

37. Jackson and the Bank War
Jackson viewed election results as mandate to slay the B. U. S.

38. Jackson and the Bank War Continued
Removal of Bank Deposits:
“bleed them dry”
Jackson removed all government deposits from the BUS and placed in state “pet” banks (help facilitate loans to farmers)
problem was many state banks were unregulated
Biddle calls in loans (contratcts loans too much)
Economic crisis ensues
1836 B. U. S. dies

39. Jackson and the Bank War Continued
Roger B. Taney
Jackson’s Treasury Secretary (after first 2 fired)
appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after Marshall died (1835)

40. Jackson and the Bank War Continued
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837):
monopoly toll bridge or toll-free bridge
Contracts could be breached if it benefited the community
In essence, it reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward

41. The Changing Face of American Politics
Dems:
expanded opportunity for white males
limited gov’t (open up opportunity)
attack corruption
rad. group known as Locofocos
Whigs:
Formed in response to “King Andrew I”
Favored strong central government
Promoted industry and internal improvements (especially in the West)
Anti-Mason Party
1st 3rd Party
Anti-secret society

42. The Changing Face of American Politics
Democrats:
smaller merchants, workers of NE, west farmers, southern planters suspicious of industry, Irish and German Catholics
Whigs
“Great Triumvirate” (Clay, Webster, Calhoun), NE merchants, wealthy Southern planters, western commercialists connected w/Anti-Masons, evangelical Protestants

43. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Van Buren elected on economic boom (tariffs, land sales, etc…)
surpluses given to state banks
inherited:
rebellion in Canada
anti-slavery movement in the north
annexation of Texas
Specie Circular (1836):
All payments for land must be in gold or silver
Helped contribute to………

44. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Panic of 1837:
Causes:
Overspeculation
Crop failures
Panics in Europe (w/draw funds from U. S.)
Effects:
100s of banks failed
Unemployment grew
Prices of land dropped
Independent Treasury:
Van Buren’s Divorce Bill
Government money would no longer be in private banks

45. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Election of 1840
Whigs gonna make sure we get this right this time
MVB v. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” (William Henry Harrison)
“Log Cabins and Hard Cider”
“Get the ball rolling”

46. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Clay and boys really run the show
WHH not highly thought of
Uh Billy boy, you might want to get that cough checked out
WHH dies 30 days into his presidency

47. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Tyler “His Ascendency”
Square peg, round hole
Democrat at heart, hated Jackson
Whig with a democratic lean
at odds with Whigs over National Bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements
called "His Accidency" and "Executive Ass"
image burned in effigy
influenza spreading termed the "Tyler Grippe"

48. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Tyler
Tyler vetoes Clays efforts for a new Nat'l Bank ("Fiscal Bank," "Fiscal Corporation")
Tyler reluctantly signs a protective tariff (helped get country slowly out of the depression)
Tyler expelled from the Whig Party

49. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Caroline:
U. S. supply ship attacked on the U. S. side of the Niagra
depicted as a horrific act of violence
reality...killed 1 American, boat sank before it got to the falls

50. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Creole:
1841, 100 slaves rebelled and captured the Creole
Britain offered asylum to VA slaves in Bahamas

51. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
“Aroostook War”
territory in Maine disputed (conflict between lumberjacks in Maine and Canada)
Britain wanted a road from Halifax to Quebec
Lord Ashburton (wealthy financier) sent to meet with Webster
compromise…
U. S. gets more land (7,000 of the 12,000)
U. S. also gets Mesabi iron ore region of MN
Britain gets its road

52. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Resolved a boundary dispute between Maine and Canada

53. The Changing Face of American Politics Continued
Treaty of Wang Hya (1844):
Caleb Cushing
Americans received trading rights in China
Extraterritoriality