1. ‘SONAR’ using Arduino & ultrasonic distance sensor
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2. Contents: Project overview. Software used. Block diagram.
Components used
Microcontroller.
Power supply
Arduino.
Ultrasonic sensor
Servo motor
LCD display
Potentiometer
Software used.
Circuit diagram.
Working.
Applications.
Future scope.
Conclusion.
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3. SONAR the name itself suggests the aim of this project.
Project overview:
SONAR the name itself suggests the aim of this project.
The project is designed to create a simple yet efficient system for detecting nearby objects like a SONAR system.
RADAR and SONAR are both revolutionary concepts which have contributed in World War 2 radically.
Similarly, this device is configured to detect objects at distances of up to 200cm accurately.
This wide range is coupled with a servo motor for covering 180° widespan.
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4. Block diagram:
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5. Components used - Power supply:
7805
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6. Microcontroller used – AVR:
AVR is a family of microcontrollers developed by Atmel. These are modified Harvard architecture & 8 bit RISC single-chip microcontrollers.
AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.
AVR microcontrollers used in the Arduino board designs.
The 8-bit Arduino used in this project is Atmega328p.
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7. Atmega328p :
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328p
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs).
6 analog inputs are also available for input or output.
Atmega328p runs at a 16 MHz clock cycle.
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8. Arduino is a open source electronics community.
It focuses on using microcontrollers in advance electronics by building microcontroller boards.
These boards uses AVR series microcontrollers for processing and controlling.
You can blink an LED or control an servo motor or even send or receive your twitter messages.
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9. Servo Motor:
            
A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.
It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a microcontroller for position feedback.
Servo motors are small, have built-in control circuitry and have good power for their size.
Servos are used in radio-controlled airplanes, a robot, or operating rudders, etc.
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10. By recording the elapsed time the distance is calculated.
Ultrasonic Sensor:
As the name suggests, ultrasonic waves are used in this sensor. Also known as HC SR-04 ultrasonic sensor.
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves.
It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back.
By recording the elapsed time the distance is calculated.
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11. Liquid Crystal Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is an electronic display module.
A 16x2 LCD is very commonly used in various devices and circuits.
A 16x2 LCD means it has 16 columns and 2 rows for displaying information.
A command is given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.
The data sent to the LCD is in parallel combination i.e. by using D0 to D7 pins.
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12. It is used to control the brightness of the LCD by connecting it at V0
Potentiometer
A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.
Potentiometers consist of a resistive element, a sliding contact (wiper) that moves along the element, making good electrical contact with one part of it, electrical terminals at each end of the element, a mechanism that moves the wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and wiper.
The potentiometer available are of multiple ranges, in this project the potentiometer used is an 10KΩ
It is used to control the brightness of the LCD by connecting it at V0
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13. Unlike them the Arduino software is an all-in-one design.
Software used:
Microcontrollers mostly use different software's from compiling code or to creating a ‘hex file’ till making its PCB ( Printed Circuit Board ).
Unlike them the Arduino software is an all-in-one design.
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a graphic window (Serial Monitor), a text console, a toolbar with buttons for compiling the code .
Also, it connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.
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14. Circuit Diagram:
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15. Working: SONAR stands for ‘Sound Navigation & Ranging’.
This project is constructed in order to detect any incoming object in the vicinity.
For this process a HC SR-04 is mounted on top of a servo motor. The servo motor covers the angle of upto 180°.
The servo is rotated at an angle of 5° every second
The sensor when detects an object it sends signal to the Arduino which includes the distance at which the obstacle is detected.
This result is updated every second on the LCD screen.
The process of sending data to the Arduino and displaying it is repeated continuously over the period.
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16. Applications:
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17. Future Scope:
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18. Conclusion:
Being a miniature design of the actual SONAR system this project has helped us a lot to understand the SONAR being used in submarines or different applications. Due to easy distance calculation of the surrounding, this project can contribute largely and efficiently in many future endeavours.
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19. Thanking You
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