1. Aortic insufficiency (regurgitation)
Aortic insufficiency (regurgitation). A: Drawing of the left heart in left anterior oblique view showing anatomic features of aortic insufficiency. Note structures enlarged: left ventricle, aorta. B: Drawing showing auscultatory and hemodynamic features of predominant aortic insufficiency. Cardinal features include large hypertrophied left ventricle; large aorta; increased stroke volume; wide pulse pressure; diastolic murmur. (SM, systolic murmur; A, aortic valve; P, pulmonary valve; DM, diastolic murmur.) (Redrawn, with permission, from Cheitlin MD et al, eds. Clinical Cardiology, 6th ed. Originally published by Appleton & Lange. Copyright © 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.) C: Pressure-volume loop in chronic aortic insufficiency. Marked enlargement in left ventricular volume shifts the diastolic pressure-volume curve rightward. Hypertrophy of the ventricle shifts the isovolumic pressure-volume curve leftward (not shown), but ultimately the ventricle dilates and contractility decreases and the isovolemic pressure-volume curve shifts to the right. Stroke volume is enormous, although effective stroke volume may be minimally changed because much of the increase in stroke volume leaks back into the ventricle. Because the ventricle is constantly being filled from the mitral valve or the incompetent aortic valve, no isovolumic periods exist.
Source: Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease, Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 7e
Citation: Hammer GD, McPhee SJ. Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 7e; 2013 Available at: Accessed: December 23, 2017
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