1. David E. Gesner, MA, NREMT-P
Module 20 Remediation
David E. Gesner, MA, NREMT-P

2. Cognitive Goals
Use his or her own words to define and describe remediation.
Describe the steps of the remediation process. 2

3. Cognitive Goals
Describe the critical components to include when performing an assessment of a problem requiring remediation.
List skills critical to student learning success. 3

4. Psychomotor Goals
Role play a front end assessment to identify and explore the causes of a problem requiring remediation.

5. Affective Goals
Value the need to assist student in becoming independent self-directed learners.

6. Why This Module is Important
Remediation is needed when students do not perform as expected in any of the three domains of learning.
Students need learning strategies and skills for success in educational situations.
1. Instructors can assist students in developing these skills.

7. Why This Module is Important
Instructors need a systematic plan to determine what the problem is that is associated with the need for remediation.

8. What is Remediation?
A deliberate educational activity designed to correct deficits identified during formal and informal evaluations.
What causes the need for remediation?
Failure of a student to perform as expected on cognitive, affective or psychomotor content.

9. What is Remediation? Remediation process follows a systematic plan:
Identify the problem.
Evaluate possible causes for the problem.
Identify where the deficits came from: student or educational program.
Retrain the student.
Re-evaluate the student.

10. Critical Skills for Student Success
Students need cognitive, metacognitive and motivational skills to adequately problem solve.

11. Strategies That Lead to Successful Learning
Interest and motivation.
Self-efficacy and self-management.
Adequate knowledge base.
Cognitive monitoring.
Attribution.

12. Interest and Motivation
Intrinsic motivation from within.
Extrinsic motivation from without.
Instructor should monitor for intrinsic and extrinsic motivators.
Help students identify intrinsic motivators and recognize their value.
Provide extrinsic motivators to student.

13. Self-Efficacy and Self Management
Encourage students towards independent learning by providing collaborative and self-directed learning opportunities in the classroom.
Contextual control:
Provide students with control of their learning whenever possible.

14. Adequate Knowledge Base
Students should work through each level of sophistication with each domain of learning to move towards metacognitive strategies.
Instructor role:
Provide learning opportunities to best facilitate this.
Encourage independent and self-directed learning.

15. Adequate Knowledge Base
Metacognition: active monitoring, self-regulation and reflection of personal mental activities.

16. Adequate Knowledge Base
Metacognition helps learner:
Analyze their own comprehension and needs.
Use instructional components according to analyzed needs.
Find hints for correct solutions to problems.
Actively problem solve.
Transfer concepts to other contexts to further learning.

17. Cognitive Monitoring
Students need to be active readers, writers, planners and listeners.
Instructors can facilitate the development of any skills that are lacking or inadequate.

18. Provide Study Strategies
Plan and organize study time.
Steps to start and complete complex assignments.
Previewing resources and identifying important topics.
Comprehension of material.

19. Provide Study Strategies
Use of mnemonics and other memory strategies.
Highlighting and note taking.
Active listening during lectures and discussions.
Preparing for exams.

20. Cognitive Monitoring
Utilize a strategic process to facilitate learning.

21. Strategic Process Goals
Regulate strategies used to develop self.
Understand personal learning style and preferences.
Observe strategies that enhance success.
Keep performance records.
For reflection and review of progress.

22. Strategic Process Goals
Evaluate progress.
Reflect upon successes.
Redirect as needed.

23. Attribution What does student attribute as the cause for failure?
Attribution plays a very important role in whether or not the student accepts responsibility for learning.
Does the student think or feel they are a victim of circumstances?
Does the student blame the instructor or program for their failure?

24. Attribution What does instructor attribute as the cause for failure?
Insufficient instruction:
Correct with better designed strategies that target student learning styles and facilitate self-directed learning.

25. Attribution What does instructor attribute as the cause for failure?
Low expenditure of effort by student:
Determine if student is willing to spend additional energy to learn.
Provide extrinsic motivation.

26. Attribution What does instructor attribute as the cause for failure?
Poor strategy for learning:
Provide help with developing learning skills.

27. Attribution What does instructor attribute as the cause for failure?
Student's lack of ability:
Consider this possibility after you have considered all other possible causes.
Prerequisites and developmental opportunities may help diminish the frequency of this as a cause of failure.
Development of inadequate or absent learning strategies may mitigate this as a cause.

28. The Steps of Remediation

29. Identify the Problem Front end assessment is crucial.
If you jump to a solution before fully understanding the problem you may not have the correct solution.

30. Identify the Problem Ask the right questions:
Was the problem with student's performance due to a problem with their education or training?
Did the student perform correctly previously?
No: it may be a knowledge deficit.
Yes: it may be a motivation deficit.
Can you describe the problem?

31. Identify the Problem
Understand the interrelationship between education, performance, environment and needs.
Complex relationship that may not be initially obvious.
Take time to explore all areas thoroughly.

32. Identify the Problem
Identify where the deficits came from: educational program or student.
Look for attributions:
Insufficient instruction.
Low expenditure of effort by student.
Poor strategy for learning.
Student's lack of ability.

33. Retrain Student
Use the information gathered from the assessment of the problem to design a strategy for improvement.
Social contracts are critical to successful remediation.
Student agrees to work towards change.
Instructor agrees to help facilitate change process for student.

34. Retrain Student Help improve student learning strategies.
Monitor student's progress in applying these new skills.
Provide correct instruction and adequate time for practice.
Involve other members of the educational team.

35. Re-Evaluate Student
Repeat remediation process until successful outcome is achieved or logical stop point is reached.
Program guidelines, rules and regulations should address consequences for failure to perform at expected level following remediation.
Students should have written documentation that is provided on first class session outlining expectations for success.

36. Bibliographical References
Cicchetti, George. (1990). Cognitive Modeling And Reciprocal Teaching Of Reading And Study Strategies. Watertown: Cicchetti Associates.
Collinson, Vivienne. (1996). Reaching Students Teacher's Ways of Knowing. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, Inc.

37. Bibliographical References
Mayer, R. E. (1998). Cognitive, metacognitive and motivational aspects of problem solving. Instructional Science, v. 26, number 1-2,
Robinson, D. G., & Robinson, J. C. (1996). Performance consulting Moving beyond training. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.