1. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

3. Shapes
The boundaries of a country and the shape of the land that it encompasses can present problems or it can help unify the nation.
Each shape of state has advantages, as well as disadvantages.
The shape of most countries can be divided into five main categories: compact, prorupted, perforated, fragmented, and elongated.

5. COMPACT STATE
One possessing roughly circular territory in which the distance from the geometric center to any point on the boundary exhibits little variation

7. Compact shaped state
small and centralized.
the simplest to manage, since the government is close to all portions of the state.
compact form helps to keep the country together by making communications easier within it.
easier to defend than states of other shapes.
However, compact states are
primarily small in size, and therefore
may not have as many natural
resources as larger states have.

8. PRORUPTED STATE
One possessing territory that is at least in part a narrow, elongated land extension protruding from a more compact area
May have one or more peninsulas, that may be surrounded by land rather than water.

9. Prorupted State
An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a prorupted state.
Proruptions are created for two principal reasons.
First, a proruption can provide a state with access to a resource, such as water.
Proruptions can also separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary.

11. Proruptions
provide a state with access to a resource such as water (Congo stretches to Atlantic Ocean) (why Cabinda is separated from the rest of Angola)

13. To separate two states that would otherwise share a border (Afghanistan separates former Soviet Union/Russia from Pakistan)

15. A PRORUPTED state has a long extension, or an extended arm of territory.
This protrusion gives the state several advantages. For example, the state gets easy access to the coast and the local resources around it.
In addition, prorupted states are also able to prevent a rival access.

16. ELONGATED STATE Long and narrow.
Found in places where the size of the country is restricted by physical barriers such as mountains or seas.

17. The best example is Chile.
A less extreme example of an elongated state is Italy.
Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communications.

18. Gambia is an elongated state on an East-West orientation (300 miles wide by15 miles long) by that is completely surrounded by Senegal

19. An elongated shaped state is long and narrow.
Many Disadvantages:
difficult to defend
makes for difficult governance of the peripheral areas in the north and south.
Poor communication internally
However, an elongated state encompasses a variety of landscapes.

20. Fragmented State
One whose territory consists of several separate, non-contiguous parts, often isolated from one another by international waters or even the land areas of other states.

22. FRAGMENTED
A state that is separated by a physical or human barrier.
Problems for the country:
Many portions of the state are separated by oceans lakes, and mountains.
difficult to govern
communication is
difficult within the
state

23. Fragmented
A fragmented state includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
There are two kinds of fragmented states: those with areas separated by water, and those separated by an intervening state.
A difficult type of fragmentation occurs if the two pieces of territory are separated by another state.
Picture the difficulty of communicating between Alaska and the lower 48 states if Canada were not a friendly neighbor.
For most of the twentieth century, Panama was an example of a fragmented state divided in two parts by the Canal, built in 1914 by the United States.

24. The Tin Bigha corridor of India divides Bangladesh
Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

25. PERFORATED STATE
One that completely encloses another state and is therefore perforated by it. Most are small enclaves such as the Vatican that perforates Italy.

27. Perforated
A perforated state completely surrounds another. A classic example would be South Africa since it surrounds Lesotho. The surrounded nation can only be reached by going through one country. More problems can arise if there is hostility between the two nations. This makes it difficult to enter the surrounding nation.

28. Shapes of States

29. Microstate
Has less than 1000 sq Kilometers

33. Enclave
A country or part of a country that is surrounded by another. However, an enclave does not have political affinity to the surrounding state. Also, an enclave does not belong to another country. For example, the Vatican City is an enclave of Rome. The Vatican City has its own government and is independent from Rome and Italy. Therefore, it is not bound by the rules of Rome, as well as the rules of Italy.

34. Vatican City…an enclave

35. Exclave
is part of a country that is or almost completely separated from the main part of the country. Alaska is an example of an exclave. Although it is separated form the U.S., it shares boundaries with Canada. Another example is Hawaii, which is completely separated from the U.S. by the Pacific Ocean.

37. Land-locked States

38. Landlocked States
Lesotho is unique in being completely surrounded by only one state, but it shares an important feature with several other states in southern Africa, as well as in other regions: It is landlocked.
The prevalence of landlocked states in Africa is a remnant of the colonial era, when Britain and France controlled extensive regions.
Direct access to an ocean is critical to states because it facilitates international trade.
To send and receive goods by sea, a landlocked state must arrange to use another country’s seaport.

39. Boundaries

40. Frontier Zone where no state exercises complete political control.
Provides an area of separation.
Either uninhabited or sparsely settled.

42. Antarctica Only landmass that is not a state.
States may establish research stations but no military activity is permitted.
Frontier: a zone where no state exercises complete and political control
Provides area of separation uninhabited, very isolated.

44. Mountain Boundaries
Mountains can be effective boundaries if they are difficult to cross (and) because they are rather permanent and usually are sparsely inhabited.
Mountains do not always provide for the amicable separation of neighbors.
Argentina and Chile agreed to be divided by the crest of the Andes Mountains but could not decide on the precise location of the crest.

46. Desert Boundaries
Like mountains, deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited.
Desert boundaries are common in Africa and Asia.

47. Water Boundaries
Rivers, lakes, and oceans are the physical features most commonly used as boundaries.
Water boundaries are especially common in East Africa.
Boundaries are typically in the middle of the water, although the boundary between Malawi and Tanzania follows the north shore of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa).
Again, the boundaries result from nineteenth-century colonial practices: Malawi was a British colony, whereas Tanzania was German.
Water boundaries can offer good protection against attack from another state, because an invading state must secure a landing spot.
The state being invaded can concentrate its defense at the landing point.

48. Coastal Waters
The use of water as boundaries between states can cause difficulties, though.
One problem is that the precise position of the water may change over time.
Rivers, in particular, can slowly change their course.
Ocean boundaries also cause problems because states generally claim that the boundary lies not at the coastline but out at sea.
The reasons are for defense and for control of valuable fishing industries.

49. Cultural Boundaries
The boundaries between some states coincide with differences in ethnicity.
Other cultural boundaries are drawn according to geometry; they simply are straight lines drawn on a map.

50. Geometric Boundaries
Part of the northern U.S. boundary with Canada is a 2,100-kilometer (1,300- mile) straight line (more precisely, an arc) along 49° north latitude, established in 1846 by a treaty between the United States and Great Britain, which still controlled Canada.
The United States and Canada share an additional 1,100- kilometer (700-mile) geometric boundary between Alaska and the Yukon Territory along the north-south arc of 14° west longitude.

51. Aozou Strip: A Geometric Boundary
Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.

52. Ethnic Groups in Southwest Asia
Fig. 8-14: Ethnic boundaries do not match country boundaries, especially in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

53. Language Boundaries
Language is an important cultural characteristic for drawing boundaries, especially in Europe.
By global standards, European languages have substantial literary traditions and formal rules of grammar and spelling.
The French language was a major element in the development of France as a unified state in the seventeenth century.
In the nineteenth century, Italy and Germany also emerged as states that unified the speakers of particular languages.
The movement to identify nationalities on the basis of language spread throughout Europe in the twentieth century.

54. Treaty of Versailles

55. Division of Cyprus
Fig. 8-10: Cyprus has been divided into Green and Turkish portions since 1974.

56. Boundaries inside States
Within countries, local government boundaries are sometimes drawn to separate different nationalities or ethnicities.
They are also drawn sometimes to provide advantage to a political party.

57. Unusual Borders
Choose one of the following “Unusual Borders”. Be able to give a summary of the answers to the questions regarding your chosen border and include a map of the area and/or pictures of the unusual border/boundary.
Take a look at the following “unusual borders”
Angle Inlet
Azerbaijan-Armenia
United Arab Emirates-Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates-Oman
China-Pakistan-India (Kashmir) (discussed during ethnic conflict groups)
Namibia’s Caprivi Strip
India-Bangladesh-Nepal
Bolivia
Alaska-Canada
Territorial Claims on Antarctica
The Gambia
The Green Line - Cyprus
Migingo Island- Kenya, Uganda
Burundi-Rwanda
For your chosen boundaries research the following information:
What conflicts have plagued the area?
What is the current status of the conflict?
What type of state(s) are those that are located on the boundary? (elongated, fragmented, etc.)

58. 22 Eye-Opening International Borders From Around The World
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