1. Wake-up Explain a vestigial structure.
Explain the difference between divergent and convergent evolution.

2. Wake-up
What are two factors that contribute to natural selection? (back of notes)
There are two variations of moths: Black and Peppered. Birds love to eat these moths. Relate the picture below to natural selection.

3. Speciation
Christopherson

4. What is a species?
Organisms that can interbreed and produce viable (usable) and fertile (able to reproduce) offspring

5. What is Speciation?
Formation of a new species; one species changing over time becoming two species

6. Causes of Speciation
1. Geographic isolation

7. Geographic Isolation: Explain
Separation of of species by a geographical feature such as a river, mountain range, ocean, or desert

8. Result
Reproductive isolation - Prevent “mating” between the separated population

9. Example: Darwin’s Finches
Start 1:25-3:52
Finches separated on different islands; adapted to different diets (seeds, insects, flowers, the blood of seabirds, and leaves); became reproductively isolated

10. Example: Galapagos Tortoise’s

11. Example: Lemurs

12. Lemurs in Durham?

13. Causes of Speciation
Reduction in Gene flow

14. Speciation summary

15. Evolutionary history of organisms
Define: Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of organisms

16. Phylogenetic Trees/Cladogram
Diagram representing evolutionary relationships or similar characteristics

17. How to Read a Phylogenetic Tree
Organisms
Branch =
Speciation
Characteristics
Common
Ancestor

18. How to Make a Phylogenetic Tree #1
Group organisms by shared characteristics; often provided

19. How to Make a Phylogenetic Tree
Place X’s according to what characteristics the organisms have.
Characteristics
Shark
Bullfrog
Kangaroo
Human
Vertebrate
Two pairs of limbs
Mammary glands
Placenta x x x x x x x x x x
In case you don’t know what a placenta is, I have attached a picture. I have also attached a video of a kangaroo showing how it works as a marsupial.

20. How to make a Phylogenetic Tree #2
Place characteristics on the phylogenic tree; The characteristic that all organisms share will be at the bottom.
Shared characteristic
by all

21. Placenta
Mammary Glands
Pairs of Limbs
Vertebrate

22. How to make a Phylogenetic Tree #3
Place organisms on the tree; organism with the fewest characteristics on the first line
Organism
with
fewest
Organism
with
most

23. Human Kangaroo Bullfrog Shark
Placenta
Mammary Glands
Pairs of Limbs
Vertebrate

24. Human Kangaroo Bullfrog Shark
a. What characteristics do the bullfrog and the kangaroo have in common?
Human
Vertebrate
Paris of Limbs
Kangaroo
Bullfrog
Shark
Placenta
Mammary Glands
Pairs of Limbs
Vertebrate

25. Bullfrog: Share the most characteristics
b. Which organism is most closely related to the human, the bullfrog or the shark? Explain.
Human
Kangaroo
Bullfrog: Share the most characteristics
Bullfrog
Shark
Placenta
Mammary Glands
Pairs of Limbs
Vertebrate

26. What characteristic(s) do a crocodile and a rabbit have in common?
Vertebrate, bony skeleton, four limbs, and amniotic egg

27. Crocodile; eggs with shells
Which organism is most closely related to a bird? What trait links them together?
Crocodile; eggs with shells

28. What organism(s) have vertebrate, bony skeleton, four limbs?
Amphibians, Primates, Rodents/Rabbits, Crocodiles, and Birds

29. Read the directions to the activity carefully. To summarize:
Get a Rat, two pieces of paper, and a container of markers/colored pencils (one per table)
Read the directions to the activity carefully. To summarize:
The rat you see is the original rat.
The rat has found itself in a new environment. It is described on the sheet. If you are not sure what something means, type it in Google and select images.
Your rat has to adapt to survive in the new environment.
Pick 5 adaptations or changes that your rat would develop to survive on the new island.
Draw your new rat on the second sheet of paper. Remember, it has to be a version of the original one.
Make sure to list and explain the adaptations you have selected.

30. Activity: Creating a Cladogram
-You are about to build a Cladogram. The video above will really help you in your construction.
-Once complete watching the video, find a partner to work on the cladogram.
-Cut and past the critters on a long piece of white paper.
-Make sure to include characteristics on the lines. As far as what those are, be creative.
-Put both partners name on the paper and turn it into the bin.
-Pick up your homework