1. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Aves

2. A Separate Taxon?
Molecular and fossil evidence has convinced most biologists that birds are actually reptiles.
The evidence indicates that crocodilians and birds are more closely related to each other than either one of them is to snakes and lizards.

3. Characteristics of Birds
Endothermic
Bony beak, no teeth
Large muscular stomach
Bipedal
Large, yolked, hard-shelled, amniotic eggs
The parent bird provides extensive care of the young until it is grown
Strong, lightweight skeleton
Specialized adaptations for flight:
Keratinous feathers (modified scales) that function in both flight and insulation
Specialized wing shape that produces lift
Numerous weight-reducing features

4. Internal Anatomy

5. Wings Most birds have airfoil-shaped wings.
Wing shape is closely related to wing function.

6. High Metabolic Rate
Birds have a system of branching air sacs that function with their lungs in respiration.
The system of air sacs supplies the high levels of oxygen needed to support a high rate of metabolism for the hard-working flight muscles.
This high metabolic activity also provides heat for endothermy.

7. Weight-Reduction
The air-sac system reduces the overall density of the bird
Bones have a honeycombed structure that makes them lightweight but strong
Birds are missing some of the internal organs found in other vertebrates:
Females have one ovary instead of two
No teeth (a hard beak and a gizzard with stones for grinding food)

8. Circulatory System
Bird circulatory systems efficiently deliver oxygen to cells.
Like amphibians and reptiles, birds have two pathways of blood flow: one from the heart to the lungs and back, and the other from the heart to the rest of the body and back.
Unlike amphibians and most reptiles, birds have a four-chambered heart with two separate ventricles that keep oxygen-rich blood from the lungs separate from the oxygen-depleted blood that passes through the heart.

9. The Origin of Birds
Most paleontologists agree that the common ancestor of all existing birds was a type of small, feathered dinosaur.
Recent fossil discoveries of feathered dinosaurs in China support this hypothesis.
Caudipteryx zoui
Sinornithosaurus millenii
Microraptor gui

10. Archaeopteryx
Represents an animal that lived about 150 million years ago.
Unlike modern birds, Archaeopteryx had clawed forelimbs, teeth, and a long tail with vertebrae—all reptilian characteristics.
In fact, if the feathers had not been preserved in the fossil, Archaeopteryx probably would have been identified as a small dinosaur.

11. Bird Biodiversity
There are about 9,000 species of birds living today, far outnumbering mammal species.
Tremendous diversity of flying styles, beak and foot adaptations, and behavioral characteristics.

12. Flying Styles Different styles of flying:
Cardinals and finches rapidly change altitude as they fly, a behavior that helps them avoid predators.
Falcons and albatrosses are hunting birds that soar, using their wings to gain altitude and then gliding on air currents without flapping.
Hummingbirds flap their wings as many as 80 times per second, enabling them to hover.
Penguins are flightless diving birds that use the same basic flight stroke to swim.
Chickens belong to a group of birds that can fly short distances, but are incapable of long flights.
Ostriches, emus, and kiwis are cannot fly at all.

13. Beak Adaptations Also called “bills” Made of keratin
Nostrils function in breathing
Variety of beak shapes reflects a wide range of functions
Beaks are not used for chewing, though some are used to break food into smaller pieces

14. Foot Adaptations
Various birds use their feet for walking, perching on branches, wading, paddling through water, grasping food, in defense, and in some courtship rituals
Most bird feet are covered in scales
Most birds have four toes on each foot, though the arrangement varies from species to species

15. Behavioral Adaptations
Bird brains are relatively highly developed, with a brain to body size ratio second only to mammals.
Birds are capable of complex behavior, especially in elaborate courtship rituals, caring for their young, and communication.

16. A crow making a tool from an oak branch

17. A crow bending a wire to make a tool

18. A crow using traffic to crack a nut