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1 PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Psychology Chapter 11 PERSONALITY PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2 Figure 11.1 What makes two individuals have different personalities? (credit: modification of work by Nicolas Alejandro)

3 Definition of Personality
Sum of all of the ways of acting, thinking and feeling that are typical for a person makes each person different from other individuals 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

4 Allport’s trait theory:
most important traits are those related to our values cardinal central secondary 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

5 Five-factor model of personality
Trait Theory (cont.) Five-factor model of personality 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

6 Trait Theory (cont.) Validation of personality traits: Hans Eysenck:
introversion extroversion 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

7 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud
Freud’s mind: - 3 levels of consciousness: conscious mind preconscious mind unconscious mind: repression 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

8 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Freud’s Mind: id, ego and superego id: pleasure principle primary process thinking ego: reality principle superego: conscience ego ideal 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

9 Figure 11.6 The job of the ego, or self, is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.

10 Figure 11.7 Defense mechanisms are unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety.

11 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Growing up: the stages of psychosexual development developmental stages result from a shifting of the primary outlet of libido energy of the id from one part of the body to another erogenous zones 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

12 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Oral stage: (birth to 1 year) oral dependent personality: seeks pleasure by overeating, smoking and by being a gullible person oral aggressive personality: seeks pleasure by being verbally hostile to others 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

13 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Anal stage: (1 to 3 years) toilet training children learn how much control they can exert over others with their anal sphincter muscles anal retentive anal expulsive 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

14 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Phallic stage: (3 to 6 years) genitals become primary source of pleasure Oedipus complex: castration anxiety Electra complex: penis envy Phallic personality 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

15 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Latency stage: (6 to 11 years) Sexual interest is relatively inactive Sexual desire has been strongly repressed through the resolution of the Oedipal or Electra complex Sexual energy is sublimated into competence in schoolwork, play and sports 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

16 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Genital stage (11 years on): Sexual pleasure through the genitals arrival of puberty Masturbation Sexual and romantic interest in others is central motive 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

17 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Theories derived from psychoanalysis: Carl Jung: Extraversion and introversion Personal unconscious Collective unconscious 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

18 Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura
Role of learning in personality : -Reciprocal determination: Behavior is learned and the social learning environment is altered by the behavior 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

19 Figure 11.10 Bandura proposed the idea of reciprocal determinism: Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

20 Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (cont.)
Role of cognition in personality: Self-efficacy: Perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one’s goals Self-regulation: Personal standards for one's behavior from observing the personal standards that other people model 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

21 Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (cont.)
Situationism and interactionism: Behavior is determined by the situations in which people find themselves, not traits inside the person Person X situation interactionism: different people react to the same situation differently 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

22 Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers
Inner-directedness and subjectivity: Inner-directedness: Internal force that pushes one to become the best individual he/she is capable of being Subjective reality: Viewing life in different, highly personal terms 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

23 Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.)
Self-concept: Carl Rogers: Self Ideal self: Congruency 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

24 Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.)
Humanism compared with classic psychoanalysis and social learning theory: all three theories believe that one internalizes society’s standards of what is desirable/moral and guides his/her behavior accordingly. 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

25 Personality Assessment
Interviews and observational methods: Interviews: Most widely used method Asking questions Observations: Observing a person’s actual behavior in a natural or simulated situation 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

26 Personality Assessment (cont.)
Projective personality tests: Unconscious feelings will be “projected” into the interpretation Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach inkblot test 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved


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