1. PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Psychology
Chapter 11 PERSONALITY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2. Figure 11.1
What makes two individuals have different personalities? (credit: modification of work by Nicolas Alejandro)

3. Definition of Personality
Sum of all of the ways of acting, thinking and feeling that are typical for a person makes each person different from other individuals
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4. Allport’s trait theory:
most important traits are those related to our values
cardinal
central
secondary
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5. Five-factor model of personality
Trait Theory (cont.)
Five-factor model of personality
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6. Trait Theory (cont.) Validation of personality traits: Hans Eysenck:
introversion
extroversion
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7. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud
Freud’s mind:
- 3 levels of
consciousness:
conscious mind
preconscious mind
unconscious mind: repression
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8. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Freud’s Mind: id, ego and superego
id:
pleasure principle
primary process thinking
ego:
reality principle
superego:
conscience
ego ideal
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9. Figure 11.6
The job of the ego, or self, is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.

10. Figure 11.7
Defense mechanisms are unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety.

11. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Growing up: the stages of psychosexual development
developmental stages result from a shifting of the primary outlet of libido energy of the id from one part of the body to another
erogenous zones
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12. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Oral stage: (birth to 1 year)
oral dependent personality: seeks pleasure by overeating, smoking and by being a gullible person
oral aggressive personality: seeks pleasure by being verbally hostile to others
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13. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Anal stage: (1 to 3 years)
toilet training children learn how much control they can exert over others with their anal sphincter muscles
anal retentive
anal expulsive
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14. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Phallic stage: (3 to 6 years)
genitals become primary source of pleasure
Oedipus complex: castration anxiety
Electra complex: penis envy
Phallic personality
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15. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Latency stage: (6 to 11 years)
Sexual interest is relatively inactive
Sexual desire has been strongly repressed through the resolution of the Oedipal or Electra complex
Sexual energy is sublimated into competence in schoolwork, play and sports
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16. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Genital stage (11 years on):
Sexual pleasure through the genitals arrival of puberty
Masturbation
Sexual and romantic interest in others is central motive
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17. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Theories derived from psychoanalysis:
Carl Jung:
Extraversion and introversion
Personal unconscious
Collective unconscious
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18. Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura
Role of learning in personality :
-Reciprocal determination:
Behavior is learned and the social learning environment is altered by the behavior
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19. Figure 11.10
Bandura proposed the idea of reciprocal determinism: Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

20. Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (cont.)
Role of cognition in personality:
Self-efficacy:
Perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one’s goals
Self-regulation:
Personal standards for one's behavior from observing the personal standards that other people model
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21. Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (cont.)
Situationism and interactionism:
Behavior is determined by the situations in which people find themselves, not traits inside the person
Person X situation interactionism: different people react to the same situation differently
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22. Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers
Inner-directedness and subjectivity:
Inner-directedness:
Internal force that pushes one to become the best individual he/she is capable of being
Subjective reality:
Viewing life in different, highly personal terms
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23. Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.)
Self-concept:
Carl Rogers:
Self
Ideal self:
Congruency
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24. Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.)
Humanism compared with classic
psychoanalysis and social learning
theory: all three theories believe that one internalizes society’s standards of what is desirable/moral and guides his/her behavior accordingly.
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25. Personality Assessment
Interviews and observational methods:
Interviews:
Most widely used method
Asking questions
Observations:
Observing a person’s actual behavior in a natural or simulated situation
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26. Personality Assessment (cont.)
Projective
personality tests:
Unconscious feelings will be “projected” into the interpretation
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Rorschach inkblot test
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