1. HYDRAULIC TURBINES

2. CONTENT
1] DEFINATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE 2] CLASIFICATION 3] TYPES 3.1] Pelton turbine 3.2] Kaplan turbine 3.3] Francis turbine 4] DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PELTON , KAPLAN , FRANCIS TURBINES.

3. INTRODUCTION
A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into mechanical work and rotates the shaft to produce electric energy.
Basic working principle:-
Hydraulic turbine converts the potential energy of water into mechanical work.

4. CLASSIFICATION Based on head
a) High head turbines
b) Medium head turbines
c) Low head turbines
Based on hydraulic action of water a) Impulse turbines
b) Reaction turbines
Based on direction of flow of water in the runner
a) Tangential flow turbines
b) Radial flow turbines
c) Axial flow turbines
d) Mixed flow turbines

5. Three most popular turbines are
PELTON WHEEL { PELTON TURBINE}
KAPLAN TURBINE {PROPELLER TURBINE}
FRANCIS TURBINE

6. PELTON WHEEL
The Pelton wheel is an impulse type water turbine. It was invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s.
This turbine is used for high heads

7. SPECIFICATION Power generation is about 400MW.
The speed rate ranges from 65 to 800rpm.
The efficiency is about 85%.
The runner diameters is between 0.8 t0 6.0m.
The operational head is from 15 to 1800m.

8. MAIN COMPONENTS
1] Nozzle and spear 2] Runner and bucket 3] Casing 4] Breaking jet
1] Nozzle :- It controls the amount of water striking the vanes of runner.
2] Casing :- It is used to prevent splashing of water.

9. 3] Runner and Bucket :- It is circular disc on the periphery on which evenly spaced bucket are fixed. 4] Breaking jet :- Its function is to stop the runner in a short time period.

10. WORKING
1. The flow of water is tangential to the runner. So it is a tangential flow impulse turbine.
2. The runner consists of a single wheel mounted on a horizontal shaft.
3. Water falls towards the turbine through a pipe called penstock and flows through a nozzle.
4. The high speed jet of water hits the buckets (vanes) on the wheel and causes the wheel to rotate.
5. A spear rod which has a spear shaped end can be moved by a hand wheel.
6. This movement controls the flow of water leaving
the nozzle before it strikes the bucket.

11. 7. The bucket or vane is so shaped that when the water strikes, it gets split into two and gives it an impulse force in the center of the bucket. This bucket is also known as splitter.

12. SR NO.
STATION
POWER GENERATED[MW] 1
AMBALA CANTT[INDIA]
800 2
BIEUDRON[SWISS]
1269 3
CASTAIC [US]
1500

13. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PELTON,KAPLAN,FRANCIS
PARAMETERS
PELTON TURBINE
KAPLAN TURBINE
FRANCIS TURBINE
TYPE OF TURBINE
IMPULSE TYPE
PROPELLER TYPPE
INWARD FLOW REACTION TYPE
POWER GENRATION [MW]
400
200
800
SPEED RATE[rpm]
70-429
EFFICIENCY[%] 85 80 90