1. BLOOD
CHAPTER 10

2. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD BLOOD is in charge of homeostasis in 3 ways
BY TRANSPORTATION-
-deliver nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells
-carry away waste, carbon dioxide, nitrogen substances (urea and uric acid) and the secretions of the cells

3. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD 2. BY PROTECTION-
- fights off harmful substances with white blood cells via phagocytosis and antibodies
-protects against fluid loss- (clotting mechanism)
BY REGULATION
-regulates acid-base balance
-regulates body temperature

4. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD- COLOR-
HEMOGLOBIN (the protein pigment in red blood cells) causes it to be red.
Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin causing a bright crimson-red color.
When blood has low oxygen levels blood appears dark-red with a slightly bluish tinge. -
This is the color of our veins seen through the skin. We do not have BLUE or GREEN blood

5. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD- VOLUME- typically 8% of our body weight
Typical male has 5-6 liters
Typical female has 4-5 liters

6. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD-
VISCOSITY- (resistance to flow) flows 5 times more slowly than water because blood is thicker, denser and more sticky than water

7. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD-
pH- between 7.35 and 7.45-buffer system in place to keep narrow pH range
Too much acid (6.0) would lead to ACIDOSIS- where the body cells stop functioning
ALKALOSIS- or too little acid also occurs but is rare

8. PARTS OF BLOOD PLASMA- (55%) liquid portion of blood
-92% water and 8% solutes (which are mainly proteins but can also be nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones)
PLASMA PROTEINS- produced by the liver
1. ALBUMIN- 55%- thickens blood- increases osmotic pressure, Ph buffer
2. GLOBULIN- 38% - antibodies in the immune system
3. FIBRINOGEN-7%- precursor to protein fibrin used for blood clotting

9. PARTS OF BLOOD FORMED ELEMENTS RED BLOOD CELLS- (45%) ERYTHROCYTES
COUNT – called a HEMATOCRIT-4-6 million per cubic millimeter
FUNCTION- carry oxygen to cells from lungs
STRUCTURE- -biconcave discs
-no nucleus (anucleate) and no organelles
- 120 DAY lifespan phagocytized by WBC
-HEMOGLOBIN- iron containing protein that transports oxygen (occupies 1/3 volume of the RBC)

10. ERYTHROCYTES DISORDERS-
ANEMIA- lower than normal oxygen due to lack of RBC or abnormal hemoglobin
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA-
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

11. PARTS OF BLOOD WHITE BLOOD CELLS- LEUKOCYTES-
COUNT -4, ,000 per cubic millimeter (less than 1% of total volume)
STRUCTURE -contain a nucleus and can change shape to travel outside the circulatory system
FUNCTION -control diseases

12. LEUKOCYTES- 3 TYPES OF WBC-
1. GRANULOCYTES- cytoplasm contains granules that stain
2. AGRANULOCYTES- no granules in cytoplasm
3. PLATELETS- cell fragments of various shapes

13. GRANULOCYTES-(312)
1. NEUTROPHILS- (stain pink) phagocytes at infection site- (make up 40-70% of WBC)
2. EOSINOPHILS-(stain red) phagocytes of parasitic worms, might help w/ allergies (make up 1-4% of WBC)
3. BASOPHILS-(stain blue) discharges histamine which allows blood to release from blood vessels-(swelling) (less than 1%)

14. AGRANULOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES- B lymphocytes- produce antibodies
T lymphocytes- help recognize previous infections- involved in graft rejection
2. MONOCYTES - phagocytize and clean up tissue

15. AGRANULOCYTES
PLATELETS- involved in blood clotting

16. BLOOD TYPING
ANTIGENS - surface proteins on the plasma membrane of red blood cells. These are genetically determined.
ANTIBODIES (AGGLUTININS) - proteins in the plasma that will react with the antigens and cause the blood to clump. These proteins are automatically formed early in life.

17. ABO SYSTEM- ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES A BLOOD A antibody to B
B BLOOD B antibody to A
AB BLOOD A and B NO ANTIBODIES
O BLOOD NO ANTIGENS antibody to A and B

18. DONORS AND RECEIVERS BLOOD TYPE DONATE TO RECEIVE FROM A A, AB A,O
B B, AB B,O
AB AB UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
O UNIVERSAL DONOR O

19. Rh BLOOD TYPING SYSTEM
Rh POSITIVE- have Rh antigens (most people born this way)
Rh NEGATIVE no Rh antigens
Antibodies for Rh antigens are not formed until a person has become sensitized. (example- a blood transfusion of an Rh negative person with Rh positive blood, a Rh negative mother delivering an Rh positive child)
The is no reaction to the first exposure but from then on after agglutination of the blood will occur.

20. Blood Clotting 3 stages needed to prevent blood loss
1. Platelet plug stage
2. Vascular spasm
3. Coagulation

21. Platelet plug stage
Platelets which are repelled by endothelium (inner layer of blood vessel) are attracted to underlying collagen fibers.
Platelets also release chemicals to attract more platelets to injury site.
Eventually enough platelets pile up to form a PLATELET PLUG

22. VASCULAR SPASMS
Platelet plug releases chemical (serotonin) that causes the blood vessel to go into spasms and narrow.

23. COAGULATION
Chemicals are released which convert some plasma proteins to THROMBIN with binds with FIBRINOGEN PROTEINS in plasma to create a long hairlike fiber FIBRIN which will form a mesh to catch red blood cells

24. Clotting problems
HEMOPHILIA- “bleeder’s disease”- can be caused by lack of any the clotting factors
THROMBUS- blood clot in a healthy blood vessel that may travel (called an EMBOLUS) to heart or brain

25. HEMATOPOIESIS- blood cell formation
Red blood cells (WBC and platelets) are formed in the red bone marrow found in spongy bone.
Red blood cells are formed with nuclei then as they mature (3 to 5 days) the produce huge amounts of hemoglobin which eventually pushes the nucleus and organelles out of the cell.

26. HEMOGLOBIN
Each red blood cell contains about 250 Million hemoglobin molecules.
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry bind to 4 molecules of oxygen.
EACH RED BLOOD CELL can carry 1 BILLION MOLECULES OF OXYGEN

27. KIDNEYS responsibility in HEMATOPOIESIS
When blood oxygen levels drop then kidneys produce a hormone called ERYTHROPOIETIN that targets the red bone marrow for production of RBC.

28. How much blood can we lose?
Clots usually form in 3 to 6 minutes to stop bleeding
30% of blood volume lost will cause severe shock.
Blood banks can store blood for up to 35 days.