2. And anti-B

3. Blood types cont.
In addition to A and B substances, RBC can carry the Rhesus factor (Rh factor) on their membrane
The Rh factor implies a positive (present) or a negative (not present)
So a RBC can carry both an agglutinogen and an Rh factor
What combinations can exist?

7. Blood types
If Amy has both substance A and the Rh factor on her RBC membranes, what is her blood type? A+
If Ben has only substance A, then his blood type would be……? A-

10. Blood Transfusions
Blood Transfusions: entails the injection of blood into a person
Why do blood transfusions exist?
Certain blood diseases must receive transfusions
Accidents and emergency situations can call for transfusions

11. Blood Transfusions Blood transfusions need donors and recipients
Donor and recipient can be the same person!
Ppl can bank their own blood in case of emergency or in preparation for surgery
Blood donor: a person who gives blood for the purpose of a transfusion
Blood recipient: person who receives blood from a transfusion

12. Incompatible and Compatible
If you are given the wrong blood type (incompatible with yours) you could DIE
Ppl were dying before Blood Types were discovered in 1902
It is very rare for this to happen now a days

13. Rules governing blood transfusions
Donor’s RBC membranes must not carry substances that differ from the recipient’s RBC membrane
Can you give me an example? (Pg. 181)
Example: John has B+ (substance B, Rh factor)
Can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-
Cannot receive from: A+, A-, AB+, AB-

14. Blood compatibility
Blood compatibility means that one person can receive blood from another person
See pg 181 Table 6.31
We can draw these conclusions
Transfusions are possible w/ the same blood type
Type O- blood can DONATE blood to anyone (universal donors)
Type AB+ blood can RECEIVE blood from anyone (universal recipient)

15. Blood substances
Substance A and B (found on RBC membrane) are called AGGLUTINOGENS
When blood transfusions between incompatible blood types, the recipient receives blood cells with foreign agglutinogens
The agglutinogens are seen invaders and ANTIBODIES see these as a threat and get rid of them

16. NINJAS!!!!
Antibodies = AGGLUTININS are like little ninjas in the blood and try to destroy/kill foreign substances
Phagocytosis!!! When the white blood cell eats the invader or kills it (think pac-man)
The antibodies attach to foreign RBC causing them to clump
This is called AGGLUTINATION and leads to clogging of blood vessels and can kill the recipient

17. Vaccines How to make vaccines? Pg. 255 Take a look!!
Start with a massive cell culture of the infectious agent
The cells are treated to render them harmless
2 treatment methods
Live vaccine
Inactive vaccine
Pg. 255 Take a look!!

18. Chose a treatment! Live Vaccine Inactive Vaccine
chemically treated to remove ability to cause illness
Cells are mixed w/ pharmaceutical products to improve shelf life
Infectious agent still alive, but no ability to cause disease
Inactive Vaccine
Made using part of infectious agent (antigen) [since recognized by antibodies]
Isolate disease causing antigen and render it harmless
Mix w/ pharmaceutical products to improve shelf life
Naturally, inactive vaccine doesn’t contain live infectious agents

20. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System Pg. 182
Circulatory system contains
Blood
Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
Heart (pumps the blood)
Why do we have blue and red vessels carrying our blood?
Take a look at Pg. 182
Oxygen-rich blood is Red, carbon dioxide-rich blood is Blue on cartoon diagrams

23. Blood Vessels Arteries Largest blood vessels in the body Fig. 6.33
Carry blood away from heart to other parts of the body
Walls are very thick
Can withstand the high pressure of the blood they carry

25. Blood Vessels Capillaries
Smaller, branched off, narrow arteries called arterioles branch off and narrow further into capillaries
Smallest blood vessels Fig. 6.34
So narrow that 1 RBC travel single file through them
Walls are very thin (made up of single cell layer)
Thin walls ease exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and organ cells (as well as nutrients and waste)