1. Chapter Three
Brains, Body, & Behavior

2. The Neuron Building block of nervous system
100 billion neurons (nerve cells)
Collect and send information (to and from sensory organs, muscles, glands, and other neurons).

3. The Neuron -- Structure
Dendrite *
Receives information
Cell Body (soma) *
Nucleus, keeps cell alive
Axon *
Transmits information to another neuron
Myelin Sheath *
Fatty tissue, insulation, speeds transmission

4. Neuron -- Function Electrical transmission within the cell.
Resting potential *
Interior of cell has more negative ions
Action potential *
Electrical charge received;
Positive ions rush in and cell becomes temporarily + charged.
Message (impulse) is sent within the cell.
Neuron (electrical transmission) video

5. Communication Communication is an electrochemical process.
How do messages move through cells?
Electrical transmission.
How do messages move between cells?
Neurochemical transmission
Neurotransmitter *
Chemical that relays signals across synapse.
Glia also communicate, & produce neurotransmitters

6. SYNAPSE Terminal Button * End of axon; releases chemicals Synapse *
Small gap between neurons
Neurotransmitter chemicals cross cross this gap
Receptor site *
Receiving end of dendrite;
Neurotransmitters must fit shape of receptor.

7. Neurotransmitters *
Chemical that relays signals across synapse between neurons.
Each has a specific shape (structure) and function.
Reuptake of unused chemicals.

8. Effects of Neurotransmitters
Dopamine *
Pleasure, learning, emotion, motivation, movement. Disorders: Parkinson’s, Schizophrenia
Serotonin *
Mood, appetite, sleep, aggression
Disorder: Depression
Acetylcholine *
Muscle contractions, memory, sleep, dreaming
Disorder: Alzheimer’s disease

9. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine*
Hormones and neurotransmitters
Stress response: fight/flight, learning, memory
Physiological and psychological arousal
Disorder: depression, ADHD
Endorphins *
Natural pain reliever
Released by exercise
Disorder: drug addiction

10. THE BRAIN
The Old Brain: Brain Stem, Medulla, Cerebellum

11. Brain Stem * Medulla * Cerebellum *
Oldest, innermost, basic functions: breathing, attention, motor responses.
Medulla *
Part of brain stem
Controls breathing and heart rate
Cerebellum *
Behind brain stem
Coordinates thinking & voluntary movement
Role in emotional responses, learning

12. Limbic System Hypothalamus *
Hunger, sex, links nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland
Hippocampus *
Memory Video
Amygdala *
Aggression, fear, emotions, stress
Connected to sympathetic nervous system
hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Amygdala
hippocampus

13. Cerebrum Cerebrum * Cerebral cortex and corpus callosum
Outer layer, thinking, language, social skills, consciousness
Corpus Callosum *
R & L Brain connection & communication
Cerebral Hemispheres (in most people) *
R = perceptual skills, drawing pictures
L = language, math, complex movements
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla

14. Broca’s aphasia – damage/loss of speech VDO Association Areas *
Frontal Lobes *
Thinking, planning, memory, judgment
Broca’s area *
L frontal lobe; production of language
Broca’s aphasia – damage/loss of speech VDO
Association Areas *
sensory and motor information is combined and associated with stored knowledge.
Motor Cortex *
Movement; signals to spinal cord & cerebellum
Putting the Brain Back Together - Video

15. Match Brain Structure & Function
1. Cerebellum
2. Hippocampus
3. Motor cortex
4. Medulla
5. Broca’s area
6. Corpus callosum
7. Amygdala
8. Hypothalamus
9. Cerebral cortex
A. connects L & R
B. speech
C. memory
D. complex skills
E. hunger & sex
F. coordination
G. aggression & fear
H. heart rate
I. movement

16. Plasticity Neuroplasticity *
the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage
neurogenesis *
the forming of new neurons
Plasticity Video

17. Studying the Brain EEG (Electroencephalograph)
CAT/CT (Computerized Axial Tomography)
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
PET & MRI Video

18. Nervous Systems Nerves * Bundles of Interconnected Neurons
Fire together/carry messages
Central Nervous System *
Brain and Spinal Cord
Interprets, processes and responds to incoming information.
Reflex – involuntary response, generally processed through spinal cord
interneuron
Motor neuron
Spinal cord
Sensory receptors

19. Peripheral Nervous System *
Links the CNS to the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands
Composed of autonomic and somatic nervous system
Nervous system
Peripheral
Central/
Brain & Spinal Cord
Autonomic controls organs & glands
Somatic
Controls Skin, Muscles
Sympathetic
(arousal)
Parasympathetic
(calming)

20. Somatic & Autonomic NS *
Part of PNS that links CNS and skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs.
Autonomic NS *
2 Parts -Sympathetic & Parasympathetic NS *
Sympathetic – activates organs and glands
Parasympathetic – calms body, recovery

21. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormones * Glands that secrete hormones.
Chemical messengers in the bloodstream.
Hormones help regulate emotions and behaviors.
Endocrine System Video