1. 11/01/17- Wednesday
Standard: MWH-5.2 Analyze the ideas of social equality, democracy, constitutionalism, and nationalism brought about by the Enlightenment and their effects on institutions. Objective: I can analyze the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers and the impact of these ideas. Contrast Hobbes and Locke. BR: Look up John Locke in Ch 22 section 2. Paraphrase what he considers “liberties” into your own words.

2. The Enlightenment in Europe
Two Views on Government
New Ways of Thinking
• Scientific Revolution spurs reassessment of many prevailing ideas
- Enlightenment started when some key ideas were put forward by Hobbes and Locke
• Leads to the Enlightenment—a movement stressing reason and thought—the Age of Reason
Continued . . .
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3. The Enlightenment in Europe
Two Views on Government
Hobbes’s Social Contract
• He said, “Without government, there would be warfare against each other”
Hobbes said you needed to elect a strong ruler in exchange for law and order (absolute monarchy)
Hobbes distrusts humans, favors strong governments to keep order
The English Civil War convinced Hobbes that humans were naturally selfish and wicked
• He said to escape their selfishness and wickedness, people had to hand over their civil and political rights to a supreme ruler. This was called a social contract—getting order by giving power to monarch. He said this government ruling people would be like a leviathan (one of the 7 princes of Hell—a sea creature)
Continued . . .
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4. He also believed they could govern their own affairs
continued Two Views on Government
Locke’s Natural Rights
• Philosopher John Locke believed that people could learn from their mistakes. He believed people should have a right to prove themselves worthy and that people have a right to overthrow an unjust government—people should have a right to govern themselves
He also believed they could govern their own affairs
John Locke says government gets its power from the people.
Locke believed all people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property and all people are born free and equal.
The purpose of government is to protect the rights of individuals.
Thomas Jefferson changed this to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in our Declaration of Independence
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5. continued Two Views on Government
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6. What are some arguments for and against an absolute monarchy as proposed by Hobbes?
What document in US history reflects some of Locke’s ideas about life, liberty, and property?

7. Take a Side!!
Write a ½ page contrasting Thomas Hobbes’s social contract view of government with the political philosophy of John Locke.
Take a side and explain why you agree with either Hobbes or Locke. Love Kiara hahahahaha

8. 11/03/17- Friday
Standard: MWH-5.2 Analyze the ideas of social equality, democracy, constitutionalism, and nationalism brought about by the Enlightenment and their effects on institutions. Objective: I can analyze the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers and the impact that these ideas have on our American Government. BR: What was the main difference in belief systems of Hobbes and Locke?

9. John Locke
Thomas Hobbes

10. The Enlightenment reached its height in France
The Philosophes Advocate Reason
Beliefs of the Philosophes
The Enlightenment reached its height in France
• The philosophes are French social critics in the mid-1700s
Five core ideas were at the center of their philosophy:
1. Reason--truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking.
2. Nature--what was natural was also good and reasonable.
3. Happiness--rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth.
4. Progress--stressed that society and humankind could improve.
5. Liberty--called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights.

11. He is imprisoned twice for his views
The Philosophes Advocate Reason
Voltaire Combats Intolerance
• François Marie Arouet, uses the pen name Voltaire—influential philosophe, -published books on philosophy
He is imprisoned twice for his views
He mocked then laws and customs of France
Makes powerful enemies but never stopped fighting
He fought for religious freedom and freedom of speech
• Publishes many works arguing for tolerance, reason and
was against prejudiceness and intolerance of others
Continued . . .
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12. The Philosophes Advocate Reason
Continued . . .
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13. He admired Britain’s government system
continued The Philosophes Advocate Reason
Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
• Montesquieu—a French writer who devoted himself to the study of political liberties
He admired Britain’s government system
• He proposed a separation of powers to keep one body from running government by themselves
His idea of checks and balances—basis of our constitution and our three branches of government
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14. continued The Philosophes Advocate Reason
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15. Rousseau: Champion of Freedom
• Jean Jaques Rousseau—philosophe who favors individual freedom, direct democracy
He greatly differed from Hobbes’ views
• Like Locke, the only good government is formed by the people (direct Democracy)--Views social contract as agreement by free people to form government

17. Which is better, a direct democracy or an indirect democracy? Why?
Why is it important to have checks and balances in our governmental structure?

18. Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice
• Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria works to reform justice system
He believed that laws existed to promote social order, not to avenge crimes
He believed an accused should have a speedy trial, with no torture
He believed capital punishment should be abolished
With greater rights for criminals and defendants

20. Women writers tried to improve the status of women
Women and the Enlightenment
Views on Women’s Education Change
• Rosseau argued that women should gain an education about being a good wife at home
Women writers tried to improve the status of women
• Prominent writer Mary Wollstonecraft argues women need quality education to be virtuous and useful
• Some wealthy women use their status to spread Enlightenment ideas
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21. 1. Enlightenment writers challenged long-held ideas about society
Legacy of the Enlightenment
Role of the Philosophes
1. Enlightenment writers challenged long-held ideas about society
2. These philosophers lived in a world of ideas and formed new theories
Belief in Progress
• Newton and Galileo believed in progress and opening doors in nature. They opened the growth to scientific knowledge.
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22. 3. They wanted to promote tolerance of all religious beliefs
A More Secular Outlook
1. During the enlightenment, people began to openly question church teachings
2. Newton was deeply religious and wanted to reveal God’s majesty through his work
3. They wanted to promote tolerance of all religious beliefs
Importance of the Individual
1. Faith in science and progress produced individualism
2. Philosophers encouraged others to reason what was right or wrong with their own knowledge
3. During the Enlightenment, reason took center stage

24. 04/03/17- Monday
Standard: MWH-5.2 Analyze the ideas of social equality, democracy, constitutionalism, and nationalism brought about by the Enlightenment and their effects on institutions.
Objective: I can score 80% or higher on a pop quiz and illustrate the views of Enlightenment thinkers.
BR: Of the Enlightenment thinkers that we have discussed thus far, which thinker do you relate to best and why?

25. • Voltaire: “Tears are the silent language of grief.”
With your group, create a poster to illustrate the views of Enlightenment thinkers USING ABSOLUTELY NO WORDS OR NUMBERS! Create a visual picture to illustrate at least 2 quotes. You will share your illustrations in front of the class and explain how your illustration depicts your Enlightenment thinker and his/her viewpoint. Remember…no words! No numbers!
• Thomas Hobbes: “Without governments, there would be war Of every man against every man.”
• Voltaire: “Tears are the silent language of grief.”
• Baron de Montesquieu: “Power should be a check to power.”
• Jean Jacques Rousseau: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
• Mary Astell: “If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how come it to be so in a family? If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”
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