1. The Effect of Extracts of Crinum Jugas on the Acute Toxicity of the Vernonia Amygdalina Root Poisoned Guinea pigs. Ogbuanu Cyril C, Amujiogu Steve N., Nwagu Lauretta N, Chime Charles .C and Arinze – Nwosu Uche .L. (1) Enugu State University of Science and Technology Dept. of Industrial Chemistry (2) Raw Materials Research and Development Council, Enugu

2. INTRODUCTION The bulbs of Crinum jugas is used in Oghe Traditional medicine as anti-poison. The plant is used for various ailments used as anti-tumor, immuno-stimulating, analgesic, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and memory loss and other mental symptoms associated with ageing using the situ bioauthographic test for enzyme inhibition (Houghton et al., 2004; Burkill, 1995). However, its use to normalize the effect of poison has not been established scientifically. The objective of the study was to access the effect of extracts of Crinum jugas bulb on the acute toxicity of the Vernonia amygdalina root poisoned guinea pigs.

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
* Preparation of plants Extract The bulbs collected were identified, air- dried, powdered and extracted successively with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The successive extracts with cold water extract were evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and controlled temperature (600).

4. Crinum Jugas

5. * Phytochmical Screeding
Phytochemical Screening of the crude extracts were carried out using standard methods described elsewhere (Sofofware, 1993; Trease and Evans, 2002; Perisons and Quimby, 1967).

6. * Study Animals and Grouping
Guinea pigs of both sexes weighing 800 – 1053g were used. They were distributed into six groups of seven (7) guinea pigs. This include: Group A - Control Group B - Poisoned only Group C - Poisoned and dosed with cold-water extract Group D - Poisoned and dosed with n-hexane extract Group E - Poisoned and dosed with ethyl acetate extract Group F Poisoned and dosed with methanol extract

7. GUINEA PIG

8. * Poisoning and Treatment of Animals
Guinea pigs in group A were administered orally with 1mL of distilled water respectively. Guinea pigs in groups B, C, D, E, and F were administered orally with 1mL of food poison (1g/100mL) powered tap roots of bitter leaf – Vernonia amygdalina.
After 1h of administration of poison, groups C, D, E and F were administered orally 3mL each of (anti-poison) (75mg/mL) in distilled water of n-haxane, ethyl acetate, methanol and cold water extracts respectively.

9. Enzyme Assays (Determination of enzyme activities)
After 2h of administering anti-poison (extracts of Crinum jagus) the animals were slaughtered and their blood serum analyzed for Aspartate transaminante (AST), alanine transaminante (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (AVP) enzyme activity (Reitman and Frankel, 1957 and Babson et al, 1966).

10. * Statistical Analysis
All data generated were analyzed statistically by the method described by Cyprian Oyeka (Oyeka, 1996).
DEAD GUINEA PIG

11. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
* Phytochemical screening revealed that all extracts presented differences in phytochemical composition (Table 1).
* The acute toxicity of the Vernonia amygdalina were found to have extremely serious effect in the respiration, behavioural pattern, food and water consumption. * The result of the enzyme assys were presented in Table 2.

12. Table 1: Results of phytochemical Screening of Crinum Jagus plant bulb n-Hexane Ethyl acetate Methanol
Saponin + -
Saponin glycoside
Steroid/triterpenoid
Glycoside
Digitalis glycoside
Anthracene
Tannins
Hydrolysable tannins
Pseudo tannins
Flavonoids
Resins
Alkaloids
Volatile oils

13. DISCUSSION
Results in Table 1, showed that all the extracts dose not have commonality in phytochemical result and yet revealed significant enzymatic activity.
This probably shows that non of the phytochemicals screened for were responsible for the enzymatic action of the plant.

14. DISCUSSION
There were statistical differences observed in the groups B, C, D, E, and F groups compared to the control for the Aspartatetransaminate (AST), Alanin transaminate (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (AVP) enzymes activity. However, there were an increase in the biochemical assayed in the group ‘C’ from the control group A

15. DISCUSSION
The only surviving guinea pig in group B. showed a pronounced decrease in the biochemicals assayed below the reference (standard) range (AST, 5-18, ALT and ALP, 15-92) indicating that the biochemicals are dead due to the poison.

16. Doses administered (cm3) Extracts
Table 2: Effect of Extracts of crinum jugas on Different Liver Biochemical Parameters of guinea pigs in International unit per liter (1U/L) .
Doses administered (cm3) Extracts
AST (1UL-1)
ALT (1UL-1)
ALP (1UL-1)
Groups
Poison
CWE HE
EAE ME A B 1
1.02
0.47
7.39 C 3 D E
3.39+ 0.11
32.41+ 0.20 F

17. • Statistically it was observed that groups ‘D, E and F’ showing results within the reference (standard) range with only Alkaline posphatase biochemical having readiness within that of the control. Only one out of the seven guinea pigs in group ‘B’ survived. • The pathological examination of the liver showed no visual abnormality in groups A, D, E and F while the enzymes in group C were inactive and in group B, the enzymes of the only surviving guinea pig was found dead.

18. CONCLUSION
These findings provide evidence that the extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol of Crinum jugas is effective in normalizing the effect of poison on the treated guinea pigs.

19. CONCLUSION
Secondly its probable that the liver injuries due to the poison is minimized with the enzyme regeneration capacity of the extracts.

20. REFERENCES. Houghton, P. J. , Agbedahunsi, J. M. , Adegbulugbe, A
REFERENCES * Houghton, P. J., Agbedahunsi, J. M., Adegbulugbe, A. (2004). Cholinesterase inhibition properties of alkaloids from two Nigeria Crinum species. Phytochemistry 65(21): * Burkill H. M. (1985). The useful plants of West Africa (Second edition). Royal Gardens KEW; 2; Pp * Sofoware, A. (1993). Medicinal Plants and Traditional medicine in Africa. 2nd Ed. Sunshine House, Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd; Screening Plants for Bioactive Agents; Pp * Trease, G. E. and Evans W. C. (2002). Pharmacognosy, 15th ED. London. Saunders Publishers; Pp 2, 42-44, , , , , * Perinps, G. J. and Quimby, M. N. (1967). Nigeria Plants 111: Phytochemical Screending for alkaloids, tannins, Saponins, J. Pharm, Sci; 56(2): 152. * Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamate – oxaloacetic acid and glutamate pyruvic acid transminases. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 28: * Babson, A. L. Greeley, S. J., Coleman, C. M. and Philip, G. D. (1966). Phenolphthalein monophosphate as a substrate for serum alkaline phosophatase. Clinical Chemistry 12: * Oyeka, C. A. (1996). An Introduction to Applied Statistical Methods in the Sciences. Enugu: Nobern Avocation Publishing Co. Pp 36-38,

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