1. The Industrial Revolution

2. How did Fr. Revolution and Napoleonic Wars aid Industrialization?
Napoleonic Code.
Guild Regulations abolished
Defense of private property
Standards weights & measures.
Established technical schools.
The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions.
Bank of France → European model providing a reliable currency.

3. How did Fr. Revolution and Napoleonic Wars restrict Industrialization?
Years of war
Supported the American Revolution.
French Revolution.
Early 19c → Napoleonic Wars
Heavy debts.
High unemployment → soldiers returning from the battlefronts.
French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

4. What parts of Europe experienced major industrialization by 1850?
North Western Europe:
Belgium
France
Western Germany
Northern Italy
Most notably not industrialized: Russia

5. Why was industrialization a sustaining process in Britain?
Growth in one area created incentives for innovation in others- better looms created need for better spinners, more power etc.
Expansion of available capital
Expansion of railroads
Favorable government policies:
Reduced trade barriers
Stabilized currency
Passed laws favorable to business

6. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon
Industrial England: "Workshop of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon

7. Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

8. The Enclosure Movement

9. “Enclosed” Lands Today

10. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

11. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

12. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] Britain’s forests have been depleted
More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

13. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

14. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

15. Young Coal Miners

16. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

17. British Pig Iron Production

18. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

19. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

20. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

21. Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

22. Crystal Palace: South View

23. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

24. Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

25. Crystal Palace: South View

26. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

27. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

28. The Factory System Rigid schedule. Women and children
Fines and punishment
12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

29. Living Conditions Unsanitary and overcrowded
Workers were susceptible to disease such as tuberculosis
Middle class benefited most from industrial revolution

30. Textile Factory Workers in England

31. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

32. Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory Children [in lbs.]
Age
Average weight of males in factories
Average weight of males not in factories
Average weight of females in factories
Average weight of females not in factories 9
51.76
53.26
51.13
52.40 10
57.00
60.28
54.80
54.44 11
61.84
58.36
59.69
61.13 12
65.97
67.25
66.08
66.07 13
72.11
75.36
73.25
72.72 14
77.09
78.68
83.41
83.43 15
88.35
88.83
87.86
93.61

33. New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

34. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

35. The Power Loom

36. James Watt’s Steam Engine

37. Steam Tractor

38. Steam Ship

39. An Early Steam Locomotive

40. Later Locomotives

41. The Impact of the Railroad

42. “The Great Land Serpent”

43. The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

44. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

45. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

46. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

47. “Upstairs” / “Downstairs”

48. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

49. The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute

50. Industrial Staffordshire

51. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman

52. The New Industrial City

53. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

54. Worker Housing in Manchester

55. Factory Workers at Home

56. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

57. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

58. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

59. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

60. Protests / Reformers

61. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

62. The Luddite Triangle

63. The Luddites

64. The Neo-Luddites Today

65. Peterloo Massacre, 1819: British Soldiers Fire on Br. Workers!
Painted by George Cruickshank

66. Br. Govt. Response to the Dislocation Created by Industrialization

67. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

68. British Reform Bill of 1832

69. British Reform Bills

70. The Results of Industrialization at the end of the 19c

71. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany → Saxony

72. Industrialization By 1850

73. Railroads on the Continent

74. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

75. The Politics of Industrialization
State ownership of some industries.
RRs → Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs → British Corn Laws.
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.
Bank of England.
Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal system.
Free trade zones → Ger. Zollverein

76. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” primary.htm
Sue Pojer – European History Teacher Extraordinaire