1. Evidence for Evolution
Genetic change over time in a population =
6 lines of evidence you should know:
Artificial Selection
Adaptations
Fossils
Anatomy
Embryology
Biochemistry
Evolution!! 1

2. Evidence for Evolution
discussion: What is evidence?

3. Similar to Natural Selection but done by humans to select traits…
Silver fox experiment
1. Artificial Selection
Selective Breeding of organisms to produce offspring with desired traits (has been around since ancient times)
Similar to Natural Selection but done by humans to select traits…

4. Exit Questions (Full sentence answers!)
What is artificial selection, in your own words?
Compare and contrast artificial selection and natural selection.
Why is artificial selection considered to be evidence for evolution? Explain

5. 2. ADAPTATIONS
AN ADAPTATION IS ANY Genetic VARIATION THAT AIDS AN ORGANISM’S CHANCES OF SURVIVAL IN ITS ENVIRONMENT.

6. Structural Adaptations
FOR EXAMPLE – A GIRAFFE’S NECK
venus fly trap
venus fly trap 2

7. Exit Questions (Full sentence answers!)
Describe how the modified leaves of the Venus fly trap and the pitcher plant help them to survive in their environment.
These modified leaves are great adaptations for a swampy bog, but they are not beneficial in all environments. Why don’t all plants need to have these types of modified leaves? Explain.

8. Mimicry
A STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION THAT ENABLES ONE SPECIES TO RESEMBLE ANOTHER SPECIES.
Two Types:
Batesian– harmless species resembles a harmful species. (viceroy butterfly)
Mullerian– harmful species resemble each other (wasps, bees, etc.)

9. Camouflage
Photo courtesy David Parks A cryptic frog - This species has developed a coloring, texture and form that are similar to the leaves found in its environment.
A STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION THAT ENABLES A SPECIES TO BLEND WITH THEIR SURROUNDINGS.

10. Exit Questions (Full sentence answers!)
Compare and contrast mimicry and camouflage, giving an example of each to support your explanation.
Stick bugs resemble sticks in order to blend in with their environment and avoid predation (getting eaten). Is this mimicry or camouflage? Explain.

11. Fossil: A remnant or trace of an organism from long ago…
3. FOSSILS
Fossil: A remnant or trace of an organism from long ago…
TRACE FOSSILS
CASTS
PETRIFIED FOSSILS

12. IMPRINTS
AMBER PRESERVED
FROZEN
MOLDS

13. Analyzing fossils Hard body parts are more likely to become fossils
Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rock
Law of superposition– The older layers of rock will be deeper than newer layers of rock.
Fossil animation:
Fossil animation: various ways to fossilize

14. Which layer is oldest?
Youngest?
Notice the differences in species.

15. Important thought Question
How would you recognize a Mass extinction in the fossil record?
Mass extinction Video (13 min.) (link works in Chrome)
(alternative link)
Permian-Triassic extinction fossil record.

16. Dating Fossils
Relative Dating = Comparing location of fossil in rock strata to determine whether it is older or younger than other fossils
Absolute Dating = Radiometric dating gives age in years.
Uses the half lives of radioactive isotopes to estimate age.

17. Geologic time scale The earth is thought to be 4.6 billion years old.
Radiometric dating video

18. T-Rex Blood? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/t-rex-blood.html
Exit Questions:
Why is this discovery useful to understanding dinosaurs?
How is it thought that these soft tissues were preserved?

19. Transitional Forms
Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants

20. Transitional Forms Video clip: Transitional Tetrapod Fossil:
Exit Questions:
What is a transitional form?
Why is the fossil in the video considered to be transitional? Describe.

21. 4. ANATOMY
Anatomy = Body Structures
3 types (see next slides)

22. Homologous Structures
Structures thought to have common origin that are similar in structure, but modified for different functions
Homologous Structures
Alligator
Cat
Whale
Bird
Human
Bat

23. Analogous Structures Similar function, but different origin
Example – wings on a bird & butterfly

24. Vestigial Structures
Body structures that are of little to no use in a modern organism.
Examples:
Appendix
Wisdom teeth
Thigh bones in snakes & whales

25. Exit Questions
Explain the difference between homologous, analogous and vestigial structures giving an example of each in your explanation.

26. Homologous vs. Analogous Virtual Lab
Get computer lab to do this!

27. FISH CHICK PIG HUMAN 5. EMBRYOLOGY
THE SIMILARITIES AMONG THE YOUNG EMBRYOS MAY SUGGEST EVOLUTION FROM A DISTANT, COMMON ANCESTOR.
FISH
CHICK
PIG
HUMAN

28. 6. BIOCHEMISTRY
Comparisons of the DNA, RNA, or proteins of different species produce biochemical evidence for evolution.
Common Genetic Code:
Genetic Tool kit:

29. Explain how biochemical evidence may provide evidence for evolution.  
Describe the biochemical evidence discussed in the videos and the inferences derived from this evidence in a chart like this: 
Evidence (The Facts)
Inferences (interpretation)

30. Theories of how evolution may occur
gradualism—slow, gradual build-up of adaptations
punctuated equilibrium— evolution occurs in fast bursts followed by long periods of genetic equilibrium.

31. Exit Question
Compare and contrast punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.

32. End of evidence portion
These next slides were originally the beginning of the presentation. (Darwin and Natural selection) Used other ppt. for this part.

33. Just for Fun!
Linguistic Evolution: French --> Southern Accent

35. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
CHARLES DARWIN

36. The voyage of the HMS Beagle
1831, when Darwin was 21 years old

37. CHARLES DARWIN
WAS A NATURALIST WHO STUDIED & COLLECTED BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS AT EVERY PORT ALONG THE SHIP’S ROUTE.

38. DARWIN’S OBSERVATIONS LED HIM TO CONSIDER THE POSSIBILITY THAT SPECIES CAN CHANGE OVER TIME.
HIS IDEA WAS CALLED:
NATURAL SELECTION

39. Species change over time
Natural Selection
Species change over time
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
2. In any population individuals have variations.
3. Individuals with certain useful variations survive in their environment, passing those variations to the next generation.
4. Over time, offspring with certain variations make up most of the population and may look entirely different.

40. MECHANISM FOR CHANGE IN POPULATIONS
NATURAL SELECTION
MECHANISM FOR CHANGE IN POPULATIONS