1. Paper 1: International Relations 1 hr 45 minutes
Peacemaking 1918–1919 and the League of Nations
Hitler’s foreign policy and the Origins of the Second World War
The Origins of the Cold War 1945–1955
Paper 2: Depth Study1 hr 45 minutes
The Roaring 20s: USA 1918–1929
Depression and the New Deal: USA 1929–1941
Hitler’s Germany, 1929–1939

2. Starter: Summarise the terms of the Treaty of Versailles under the following headings:
Territory Reparations Armaments War Guilt League of Nations
Land lost to Britain, France, Belgium, Poland and Denmark.
Germany forced to sign a ‘blank cheque’, later settled at £6,600 million.
Army reduced to 100,000 men. No air force, 6 warships, no conscription. Rhineland demilitarized – German troops were not allowed there.
Germany held entirely responsible for the war breaking out.
Germany not allowed to join.

3. Territorial Adjustments
Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.
Poland granted a strip of land (access to the sea) from Germany (known as the Polish Corridor).
Other territories given/returned to Denmark (Schleswig), Poland and Czechoslovakia (Silesia).
Germany surrenders all colonies to League of Nations (distributes them as “mandates” to Allies).
Saarland (coal-rich area) controlled by League of Nations for 15 years to help pay for reparations (then decide who gets it France or Germany).
Free city of Danzig (seat of League).
Unification between Austria and Germany forbidden.

4. The War Guilt Clause Article 231 = The War Guilt Clause
Germany was forced to accept FULL responsibility for the cause of the war.
Means they are accountable for all damage done to civilian populations of the Allies.
Germany required to pay “reparations” to the tune of £33bn
When this was announced…
Current German Chancellor resigned
German sailors sunk the remaining German fleet (being held in Scotland)

5. Military Restrictions
German army limited to 100,000 men.
German navy and air force also severely restricted in size.
Manufacturing, import, and export of weapons prohibited.
Tanks, submarines, and aircraft prohibited.
The Rhineland designated a DMZ, and west bank of Rhine River to be occupied by Allied armies for 15 years.

6. The League of Nations
The covenant of the League of Nations was included in the treaty.
Organization meant to arbitrate international disputes and prevent future wars.
More on this later…

8. The League of Nations: Aims
Stop aggression through co-operation
Key Principle underlying Aims:
Collective Security
Improve
social conditions
Disarmament
Enforce the Peace Treaties

9. The League of Nations: Membership
42 members - by 1930’s 59
Defeated countries could not join e.g. Germany
Russia excluded because communist
USA did not join – isolation from world affairs
Discussion Point - Can we see any problems here?

10. The Council Permanent court
The Assembly
Each country one vote.
Decisions had to be unanimous
Committees and Commissions
To deal with specific issues
Committees e.g. Health Organisation & International Labour Organisation
Commissions e.g. Disarmament and ‘mandates’
The Secretariat
kept records, civil service
The Council
Met several times a year
and in emergencies
5 permanent members
Each had right to veto any idea
Permanent court
Based at The Hague
Settle disputes peacefully
No power of enforcement

11. Permanent Court of Justice Committees and Commissions
The Council
Permanent Court of Justice
The Assembly
Committees and Commissions
The Council
Met several times a year
and in emergencies
5 permanent members
Each had right to veto any idea
Committees and Commissions
To deal with specific issues
Committees e.g. Health Organisation & International Labour Organisation
Commissions e.g. Disarmament and ‘mandates’
The Assembly
Each country one vote.
Decisions had to be unanimous
Permanent court Based at The Hague
Settle disputes peacefully
No power of enforcement
The Secretariat (kept records, civil service)

12. Powers of the League
If a country ignored the ruling of the League it could:
Put pressure on
Refuse to trade – sanctions
Discussion Point-
What can the UN send in when situations become critical?

13. Strengths of the League
Many countries supported it in early days - they wanted peace
Had some early successes:
- Settled some land disputes in ’s
- helped refugees, dealt with spread of disease, fought for better conditions for people

14. What was the role of the United States in this source?

15. Weaknesses of League
USA did not join – a strong country who had isolated itself from European affairs
It had no real power and relied on goodwill and persuasion from the member countries
No permanent army and relied on countries agreeing to provide peace keeping forces
Disarmament was not realistic in the timeframe given and repayments were difficult in the long term for Germany
Its structure was difficult as member countries had to agree before any action taken which slowed the process down

16. How does the source question the League of Nations power when it came into existence?