1. CA2007 INTRODUCTION TO NEW MEDIA AND BROADCASTING
EPISODE 9
EPILOGUE

2. Course Description Influential histories of communications media and technological development, focusing on the shift from analog to digital practices and cultures that began mid-century and continues to the present, the development of radio, television and new media, general program production, function and relationship between different personnel involved, including basic production of new media projects.

3. BACKGROUND & KEY TERMS IN TV & AUDIO PRO
Oral media
Written media
Print media
Electronic media
KEY TERMS in TV
Aspect ratio
Framing
Camera angle
Camera movement
Transition
KEY TERMS in Audio
Sound effect
Foley
Background music
(Film) score
Voice over

4. HISTORY & EVOLUTION OF BROADCAST MEDIA
1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
1837 Telegraph (Morse code)
1858 Transatlantic telegraph cable
1865 Theory of invisible waves
1876 Telephone
1884 Nipkow disk (Mechanical TV)
1896 Wireless telegraph
1906 First voice on-air
1919 RCA
1920 KDKA / 1927 Electronic TV
1933 FM radio / 1936 BBC television
1953 NTSC / 1958 DARPA
1967 PAL and SECAM / 1968 ARPANET
1976 USENET
1984 Personal computing / 1986 NSFNET
1991 WWW
HISTORY & EVOLUTION OF BROADCAST MEDIA
THAILAND
1886 Post / Telegraph Department
Navy telegraph
1913 Telegraph station
1927 Radio demonstration
1930 First radio station
1955 First TV station (CH4)
1967 First color TV (CH7)
2008 No more telegram
2014 Digital television

5. AMPLITUDE
height of wave (dB)
FREQUENCY
no. of cycle of wave per second (Hz)

6. kHz
Low Frequencies
(LF)
Short distance communication
300-3,000 kHz
Medium Frequencies
(MF)
AM radio
3-30 MHz
High Frequencies
(HF)
Police radio, amateur radio operator
MHz
Very High Frequencies
(VHF)
FM radio, VHF television system
300-3,000 MHz
Ultra High Frequencies
(UHF)
UHF television system, mobile phone
3,000-30,000 MHz
Super High Frequencies
(SHF)
Satellite, microwave, military radar

7. Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Transmit farther than FM.
Less effect of signal interruption.
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Hi Fidelity.
Stereo multiplex.

8. EPISODE 3: AUDIO PRODUCTION

9. EPISODE 4: TELEVISION
PROGRESSIVE SCANNING
INTERLACED SCANNING

10. entertainment-based programs
TELEVISION GENRES
entertainment-based programs
sit-com
soap opera / drama series
game show
talk show
reality show
sport
music show
informative-based programs
news
documentary
THINGS TO BE AWARE OF
PRODUCTION ELEMENTS
TV Host and Participants
Shots
Graphics
Sound
CONTENTS
Concept
Mood and Tone
Target audience

11. EPISODE 5: TELEVISION PRODUCTION
Two-Column Script
Screenplay/Teleplay
Storyboard
Call Sheet
TV production equipment
1. camera 2. lighting 3. audio equipment 4. switcher 5. recording materials 6. post-production editing
Pre-production
Production
Post-production
idea development
Evaluation

12. action safe margin
title safe margin

13. Three-Point Lighting
Back Light
Object
Key Light
Fill Light

14. studio production field production
STUDIO FLOOR [stage + cameras + lights + microphones]
STUDIO SUPPORT AREAS [dressing room, storage, etc.]
CONTROL ROOM [program control + visual switcher + audio mixer]
MCR (master control room)
MFP
EFP
ENG

15. SUPPORTING/ SPECIALIZED CREW
CAST
talent, performer, actor, announcer
producer
director art director
production manager
MAIN CREW
script writer / creative staff
floor/stage manager
property master
runner
costume / hair / make-up artist
CREW
NON- TECHNICAL
camera operator / shooter
lighting director
technical director / switcher
sound mixer / audio technician
VDO / character generator operator
editor
SUPPORTING/ SPECIALIZED CREW
TECHNICAL

16. EPISODE 6: STUDIO EQUIPMENT
sound mixer
lighting console
VDO playback
switcher CG
console
CCU
prompter

17. “can specify the target”
EPISODE 7: NEW MEDIA
“can specify the target”
Responsive Web Design
Mobile Application (Native/Hybrid/Web app)
NFC AR VR UI UX
KEY TERMS
SEO
AdWords
GDN

18. EPISODE 8: UI & UX DESIGN Steps to design THE STRATEGY THE SCOPE
THE STRUCTURE
THE SKELETON
THE SURFACE

19. EPISODE 9: AUDIENCE MEASUREMENT
Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
Diaries
Household meters
People-meters
Portable peoplemeter (PPM)
Audience Research and the Ratings
Methodologies:
Survey
Interview
Test
Observation
Measurement Errors
Sampling error
Conceptual error
Nonresponse error

20. OVERVIEW
_ Research methods _ Television ratings _ Inaccuracy in ratings

21. TV VIEWERSHIP LANDSCAPE
Thailand has 23.9 million household with TV sets
65.7 million TV viewers (+4 years old)
On average, Thai TV viewers watch 4 hours 8 minutes of TV per day

22. AUDIENCE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Survey
Interview
Test
Observation

23. AUDIENCE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Survey Interview Ratings system Test
Observation
Ratings system
Arbitron in broadcast radio.
Nielsen in television and cable TV ratings (and increasingly in online audience measurement).

24. TV RATINGS
aims to estimate the size and composition of the audience as clearly and accurately as possible.
all information about audiences is meaningless without interpretation or judgments on behalf of those who gather and use this information.
the core of the ratings system is a highly simplified method of counting who is in the audience for a particular television program at a particular moment.
the ratings operationalize viewing by quantifying audience responses. The ratings structure essentially reduces audience viewing to a simplistic binary choice: watching or not watching.
Nielsen does collect quite a bit of other information about television viewers, such as demographic details (age, gender, socioeconomic status, education, etc.)

25. MEASURING AUDIENCE VIEWERSHIP
Nielsen measures viewing in four 15-minute time blocks. So if you have your TV set turned to a particular channel for a majority of that 15-minute time period, Nielsen counts you as having been exposed to that particular program for that quarter hour block.
Use the household as the unit of analysis

26. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
Diaries
Household meters
People-meters
Portable peoplemeter (PPM)

27. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
Diaries

28. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
Diaries
Thousands of diaries are distributed by Nielsen to generate viewing estimates in local TV markets across the country. The diary is a small paper pamphlet that records viewing of a single TV set over the course of one week.
PROS: the technique provides wealth of data.
CONS: the quality of information depends upon the willingness of the viewer to put in a significant amount of work to maintain an accurate snapshot of viewing within the household.

29. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
Household meters

30. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
Household meters
The household meter is a small electronic box that sits on top of the TV and measures what channel the set is tuned to at any given moment. The box is plugged into a telephone line and the data are downloaded by Nielsen at the end of the day.
PROS: it requires no human intervention to record viewing and is therefore a much more reliable tool for generating the ratings.
CONS: any indication of who was in the room during viewing is missing.

31. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
3. People-meters

32. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
3. People-meters
Peoplemeters are household meters with an extra remote control added. Using the remote, viewers enter a special code for themselves when they are in the room with the TV set. They press another button when they leave the room.
PROS: giving Nielsen a tally of who is watching a particular program.
CONS: peoplemeters have not been terribly effective at measuring the viewing behaviors of children.

33. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
4. Portable peoplemeter (PPM)

34. Nielsen’s Measurement Techniques
4. Portable peoplemeter (PPM)
The PPM consists of a small device the size of a pager, which is worn at all times by viewers in a Nielsen household. Small inaudible tones, embedded within both television and radio programming, can be picked up by the PPM, which indicates that a person is within range of a particular media program.
PROS: It is nearly completely passive, requiring little effort on behalf of viewers, and it measures media exposure both inside and outside of the household.
CONS: still in the experimental stage.

35. Important Audience Numbers and Their Computation
Number of TV HHs watching a program or station Total TV HHs
Rating (R) =
HUT =
Share =
Gross Rating Points (GRP) = R1 + R2 + R Rn
Cost Per Thousand (CPM) =
Cost Per Point (CPP) =
Households Using Television
Total TV HHs
Number of TV HHs watching a program or station
HUTs
Cost of Advertisement ($) x 1,000
Audience Size
Cost of Advertisement (S) Audience Rating (R)

36. Measurement errors
Sampling error
Conceptual error
Nonresponse error

37. Measurement errors Sampling error
The goal of any survey is to obtain the lowest sampling error possible to be confident of the estimate that you generate. The larger you sample size, the less likely it is that your estimate will deviate from the true rating for a program.

38. Measurement errors
2. Conceptual error An error that results from conceptualizing the notion of television viewing in a particular way, by sampling television households instead of individual viewers.

39. Measurement errors
3. Nonresponse error About half of all households asked to join the Nielsen ratings survey refuse to do so. This could very quickly become a major source of bias in the Nielsen sample, because those households that agree to become part of the sample may have inherent qualities that make their members different from other viewers.

40. REFERENCE:
Sullivan, John L. Media Audiences: Effects, Users, Institutions, and Power. Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2013.