1. The Allied Response Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus
Early American Involvement
Map: World War II in Europe and North Africa
War in North Africa and Italy
Faces of History: Dwight D. Eisenhower

2. The Allied Response Preview, continued
A Turning Point in the Soviet Union
A Turning Point in the Pacific
Map: War in the Pacific

3. The Allied Response Main Idea Reading Focus
The early years of World War II went poorly for the Allies. But after the United States joined the war, the Allies soon recovered and began making gains against the Axis.
Reading Focus
In what ways were Americans involved in the early years of the war?
How did the Allies make gains in North Africa?
What was the turning point in the Soviet Union?
What was the turning point in the Pacific?

4. World War II and Its Aftermath
Section 3: The Allies Turn the Tide
Witness History Audio: Support the War!
All-Out War
The U.S. and Great Britain directed economic resources into the war effort and limited the rights of citizens and freedom of the press. Japanese Americans and German refugees in Britain suffered for their heritage. Women filled many war industry jobs as men joined the military.
Color Transparency 176: World War II Poster
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What will the Allies need to carry out this great effort?” (raw materials and workers) “With so many men going to fight in the war, who will fill the need for workers?” (women)
When showing Color Transparency 176, have students also look at the British poster on the previous page. Discuss how posters, advertisements, and movies helped to instill patriotism and a desire to cooperate in the war effort.
When showing Color Transparency 177, ask a volunteer to read the description of the battle from the text. As the student reads each sentence, point to the map to show where the action took place. Then use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion.
Note Taking Transparency 173
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5. Early American Involvement The Battle of the Atlantic
Control of the ocean important
Food and equipment for England and Soviet Union shipped by sea
Germany relied on U-boats
Inflicted great damage to shipping
U.S. offered military aid
Provided ships and military escorts for British convoys
October 1941—USS Reuben James; first U.S. Navy ship sunk by Germany

7. American Home Front U.S. entered war two months later
Enormous task of mobilization; men and women volunteered for service
Factories converted; “victory gardens” planted; scrap drives and recycling to collect materials
Some negative effects of patriotism
Japanese Americans placed in internment camps during the war

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10. Winning the Atlantic
With U.S. officially at war, German U-boats in American waters
Tried to destroy American merchant ships
Hundreds of ships lost to German subs
After 1943, Allies able to fight back more effectively
Allied factories at full production
Large numbers of ships and planes
More firepower helped locate and destroy U-boats
Key German code system broken
Losses dropped sharply
Vital supply line to Great Britain and Soviet Union kept open
Atlantic belonged to Allies

11. How were Americans on the home front involved in the war?
Find the Main Idea
How were Americans on the home front involved in the war?
Answer(s): Many factories converted to produce weapons and supplies; Americans made do with less food, fuel, and other items; people planted "victory gardens".

12. World War II and Its Aftermath
Section 3: The Allies Turn the Tide
The Allies Forge Ahead
In 1942 and 1943, the Allies won victories in the Pacific, North Africa, Italy, the Soviet Union, and France. Both Japan and Nazi Germany were put on the defensive as the U.S. pushed across North Africa and into Italy and also island-hopped across the Pacific and Soviet troops began advancing into Eastern Europe.
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What will the Allies need to carry out this great effort?” (raw materials and workers) “With so many men going to fight in the war, who will fill the need for workers?” (women)
When showing Color Transparency 176, have students also look at the British poster on the previous page. Discuss how posters, advertisements, and movies helped to instill patriotism and a desire to cooperate in the war effort.
When showing Color Transparency 177, ask a volunteer to read the description of the battle from the text. As the student reads each sentence, point to the map to show where the action took place. Then use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion.
Color Transparency 177: Battle of Stalingrad
Geography Interactive: World War II in Europe and North Africa
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14. War in North Africa and Italy
Italian and British forces battled for control of North Africa. The Suez Canal and the oil fields of the Middle East were essential to the British war effort. After Italian forces failed against the British, Hitler was forced to send German troops to support the Italians.
Afrika Korps led by Erwin Rommel
Pushed British back into Egypt
Traded blows for two years
1942—Battle of El Alamein
British victory under Gen. Bernard Montgomery
Axis power lessened in North Africa
Back-and-forth fighting
Soviets wanted European front
Invasion of western North Africa
Dwight D. Eisenhower led troops
Rommel caught between forces in east and west
Supply problems worsened
May 1943—surrendered to Allies
Americans join the battle
Nearly 250,000 Axis soldiers taken prisoner; with surrender, all of North Africa in Allied hands

17. Fighting in Italy Next Allied goal: Italy itself
July 1943, Allied soldiers landed on the island of Sicily
Weak Italian resistance
Benito Mussolini forced from power
Allies capture Sicily
Made plans to invade the Italian mainland
Hitler tried to protect against the Allied march through Italy
September 1943
Allies move into southern Italy
Strong German resistance as troops moved north
Bloody fighting continued for months

22. Summarize
What did Allied troops accomplish in the war in North Africa and Italy?
Answer(s): They drove the Axis out of North Africa and used it as a base for launching an invasion of Europe through Italy.

23. A Turning Point in the Soviet Union
1941 German invasion halted with winter
German equipment failed in bitter cold
Poorly equipped troops suffered greatly
Leningrad
Citizens under siege in Hitler’s attempt to force a surrender
Winter of 1941—1942, thousands starved to death daily
Siege of Leningrad cost 1 million civilian lives

24. Battle of Stalingrad
In the spring of 1942, Hitler ordered renewed assaults on the Soviet Union. He assembled troops from Italy, Romania, and Hungary. Even with fuel shortages, Axis forces fought well initially.
Germans poised to take Stalingrad
Key industrial city for Soviets
Factories supplied Soviet armies
Ports shipped grain, oil, and other products throughout country
On the Volga River

26. World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 3
Note Taking Transparency 177: Battle of Stalingrad
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27. Brutal battle Final victory
City bombed into rubble; German troops moved in
Hold city at all costs
Georgy Zhukov led Soviet counterattack
Axis soldiers with no food or ammunition
Hitler—“Surrender is forbidden”
Brutal battle
German officers surrendered early February 1943
1 million Soviet dead
Crushing defeat for Hitler; once invincible German army in retreat
Battle of Stalingrad turning point in war
Final victory

32. Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point?
Summarize
Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point?
Answer(s): The German army had seemed invincible, but after failing to take Stalingrad, it was now retreating to the west.

34. A Turning Point in the Pacific
The attack on Pearl Harbor was an enormous success for Japan.
The damage took time to overcome; U.S. ability to strike back was limited.
Three Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers undamaged
Air power provided support for Allied ground and naval forces
Japanese navy still ruled the seas
Allies focused on Europe
Vital territory fell to Japanese
Singapore, Hong Kong, Burma, and strategic islands
Target —U.S.-held Philippines
U.S. general Douglas MacArthur led doomed defense
Americans surrendered in April 1942
Bataan Death March
Forced march of 70,000 American and Filipino prisoners
Brutal violence, tropical heat, and lack of food or water
Many survivors perished in inhumane prison camps

35. Carrier Battles Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Midway
First carrier battle—May 1942
Off northeast coast of Australia
Japanese forces tried to take Port Moresby on island of New Guinea
Allied vessels tried to block attack
Each side lost a carrier in battle
A Japanese advance had been stopped
Battle of the Coral Sea
June 1942—high seas battle
Midway a strategic island—home to U.S. military base
Japanese advantage—more ships and carriers
U.S. advantage—Japanese secret code broken
Admiral Chester Nimitz responsible for Allied victory; Japan’s navy suffered terrible blow
Battle of Midway

37. Battle of the Coral Sea

39. Battle of Midway

40. Balance of power changed
Island Hopping
Balance of power changed
Japanese lost sea advantage after Midway
Allies developed island-hopping strategy
Skipped over strongholds and captured weaker targets
Captured islands used as bases for next attacks
Bypassed Japanese strongholds cut off from outside supplies
Allied invasion of island late 1942
Six months of brutal battle
Each side won small victories
Battle of Guadalcanal ended with Japanese troops fleeing the island
Japanese continued to fight to the death
Guadalcanal
Allies captured more islands
By 1944 back at Philippines
Largest naval battle
First major use of kamikazes
Battle of Leyte Gulf—Allied victory
Japan’s naval power virtually destroyed
Leyte Gulf

44. Find the Main Idea
How was the Battle of Midway a turning point in the war in the Pacific?
Answer(s): It changed the balance of power in the Pacific, eliminating the once great Japanese advantage on the seas, and allowing the Allies to go on the offensive.

45. World War II and Its Aftermath
Section 3: The Allies Turn the Tide
The Allies Push Toward Germany
The Allies invaded the coast of Normandy on June 6, 1944, and after a costly battle headed toward Paris. The Germans retreated and France was soon free. An intensive bombing campaign crippled Germany’s industries and devastated many of its cities. Because Churchill and Roosevelt needed Stalin’s help to win the war, they agreed to many of his demands regarding the annexation and determination of lands in Asia and Eastern Europe.
Witness History Video: Triumph at Normandy
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What will the Allies need to carry out this great effort?” (raw materials and workers) “With so many men going to fight in the war, who will fill the need for workers?” (women)
When showing Color Transparency 176, have students also look at the British poster on the previous page. Discuss how posters, advertisements, and movies helped to instill patriotism and a desire to cooperate in the war effort.
When showing Color Transparency 177, ask a volunteer to read the description of the battle from the text. As the student reads each sentence, point to the map to show where the action took place. Then use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion.
History Interactive: D-Day
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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46. World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 3
Note Taking Transparency 173
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47. World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 3
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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