1. The Duel for North America: 1608-1763
Chapter 6

2. A. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
Religious conflict in France made it a latecomer to imperial scramble
1598- Edict of Nantes- religious toleration- ended religious wars in France
1608- permanent colony of Quebec

3. Samuel de Champlain- Father of New France
Befriended Huron Indians- made enemies of Iroquois nation
New France grew slowly- only 60,000 by 1750

5. B. New France Fans Out
French fur traders spread across continent- adventurers
Recruited Indians- decimated by disease & alcohol- the trade violated Indian customs
Fur traders destroyed beaver population

6. Jesuit Missionaries
Jesuit missionaries- tried to convert Indians & save them from fur traders- important in exploring & geography

7. Continued Other French explorers
Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit- 1701
Robert de la Salle- sailed down Mississippi in 1682 to check Spanish expansion
Named Louisiana
France later est. forts on Miss. to stop Spain
Interior of continent provided grain for France & French West Indies colonies

8. C. The Clash of Empires
King William’s War ( ) & Queen Anne’s War ( )- earliest wars for control of NA
Neither side would commit large amounts of troops to NA- depended on local militia & Indian allies- Spain allied with France

9. Britain won, Treaty of Utrecht forced France to give up large tracts of land including Acadia (Nova Scotia) & gave them trading rights with Spanish America

10. Continued
British conducted smuggling in Spanish America- caused War of Jenkins’ Ear- 1739
Caribbean & Georgia
This became King George’s War France & Spain vs. *Britain*
Peace treaty infuriated New Englanders

11. North America in 1750

12. D. George Washington Inaugurates War With France
Ohio Valley most conflicted b/t French & British
British would inevitably spread there
French saw it as a link b/t northern & southern holdings
Each side now willing to pour resources into NA

13. Ohio Valley
1749 several important VA families claimed 500,000 acres in Ohio Valley
French erecting a chain of forts along Ohio
Most important was Fort Duquesne- later site of Pittsburgh

14. Continued
1754- VA gov. sent G. Washington w/ 150 militiamen to secure VA’s claims
Encountered a group of French troops, fired shots & killed several
French retreated, returned w/ reinforcements- Washington took refuge in Fort Necessity

15. First shots of French & Indian War
British authorities feared uprising in Nova Scotia (Acadia)- moved 4,000 French speakers as far south as Louisiana- “Cajuns”

16. E. Global War & Colonial Disunity
7 Years’ War- full scale global war
French mainly focused on winning in Eur.
Allowed British to win in America- Prime Minister William Pitt (i.e. Pittsburgh, Pittsboro, & Pitt County) was the hero of American colonists

17. War in America forced colonists to unite in a way they never had

18. Continued
Albany Congress- called to create a plan to deal with French during the war
1754 British authorities called delegates to Albany- wanted to keep Iroquois on their side
Indian chiefs were threatened & bought off

19. Albany Plan of Union
Longer-Range objective of Albany Congress was to devise a method of greater cooperation among colonies
Ben Franklin- political cartoon, written plan for colonial unity- approved by delegates, rejected by colonies

20. Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath
1755- “Bulldog” Braddock sent to capture Fort Duquesne

21. Braddock (continued)
Had strong “regulars” and colonial militiamen- “buckskins”
Braddock disliked the militia- undisciplined
Difficult trek into wilderness, heavy load
Encountered small French & Indian force that used guerilla tactics against them

22. Continued Indians rampaged the eastern frontier
Washington fought bravely
Braddock killed/British beaten
Indians rampaged the eastern frontier
Bounties offered on scalps
Britain declared war on France in 1756
Launched series of unsuccessful attacks on French outposts

23. G. Pitt’s Palms of Victory
1757- William Pitt became PM of GB- highly respected
“Organizer of Victory”
Decided to concentrate on Quebec & Montreal
1758- sent troops against Louisboug- fell after siege

24. Next sent James Wolfe to take Quebec- 1759
Faced Marquis de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham
Both commanders killed in battle, but British won

25. Continued
Montreal fell in these 2 battles significant b/c the French flag no longer flew in Canada
Treaty of Paris (1763)- French out of NA- territory controlled by Spain & Britain

26. 1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.
England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

27. North America in 1763

28. H. Restless Colonists War was practice for colonists
Shattered illusion of British invincibility
Resentment among British & American officers & men
American smuggling

29. British-American Colonial Tensions
Colonials
British
Methods of Fighting:
Indian-style guerilla tactics.
March in formation or bayonet charge.
Military Organization:
Col. militias served under own captains.
Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.
Military Discipline:
No mil. deference or protocols observed.
Drills & tough discipline.
Finances:
Resistance to rising taxes.
Colonists should pay for their own defense.
Demeanor:
Casual, non-professionals.
Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

30. I. Americans: A People of Destiny
Colonists no longer had to stay close to British for protection against French
French wanted to see British lose their colonies
Spanish much less of a threat
Indians lost political ability to play one off of the other

31. Many Americans felt distant from GB
Americans still disunited from within- distance, geography, religion, nationalities, colonial govts, boundary disputes, backcountry vs. aristocracy – but starting to break down

32. Effects of the War on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

33. Effects of the War on the American Colonials
1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

34. Continued
1763- Pontiac’s Rebellion- drive British out of Ohio country- killed 2,000 soldiers & settlers
British retaliated using “biological warfare”- blankets with smallpox, Pontiac killed in 1769

35. Proclamation of colonists thought land was their birthright, Parliament trying to stop conflict
Both sides now resented one another for many reasons