1. RAP
The Crusades were holy wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the holy lands…what is something you deem worthy of fighting for & why?

2. The Crusades
RAP: The Crusades were holy wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the holy lands…what is something you deem worthy of fighting for & why?
Why would a person join a crusade?
Adventure (to see unknown parts of the world)
To possibly gain fame and fortune (crusaders often looted towns and manors)
To fight for their religious beliefs

3. Ottoman Threat Causes: •To ensure safety of pilgrims
•To save Byzantium from threat of Turks
•To get squabbling lords to focus aggression outward
•Idea of actually freeing the Holy Land seems to be an afterthought

4. Causes for Crusades To ensure safety of pilgrims
•To save Byzantium from threat of Turks
•To get squabbling lords to focus aggression outward
•Idea of actually freeing the Holy Land seems to be an afterthought.

5. Pilgrimage Squabbling Lords

6. The Holy Lands

7. —Emperor Alexius Comnenus
“Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that all this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…Therefore act while there is still time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight and, what is more important, the Holy Sepulcher (the tomb where Jesus was buried) shall vanish. And in your coming you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you.
—Emperor Alexius Comnenus

8. Key Events of the Crusades
The Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Key Events of the Crusades
Pope Urban II’s speech (pg. 386)
The capture of Jerusalem
Founding of Crusader states
Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (pg. 383)
Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders

9. Key Events
Alexius Comnenus I (Byzantine Emperor) appealed to Pope Urban II for military aid
Pope Urban’s Speech to mob of peasants
“Dieu le voit!” – God wills it!
First Crusade Crusader states = Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli
In 1093 Alexius Comnenus I sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders
Three armies of knights and people of all classes gathered outside of Constantinople by 1097 (mostly French but many others as well) unorganized, ill prepared, argumentative….an army of 12,000 approached Jerusalem in 1099 and besieged the city for over a month…finally won the city…the strip of land they took over was split into 4 crusader states each controlled by a European noble
Muslim counterattack and land is lost including Jerusalem
Third Crusade is b/t Richard and Saladin (Phillip II of France argued w/ Richard and went home…Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the journey)…both were brilliant warriors…the two agreed to a truce in 1192…Muslims controlled the city but unarmed Christian pilgrims could enter the city
4th Crusade: the “crusading spirit” is dwindling…crusaders don’t even make it to the Holy Lands…rather they loot Constantinople…(religious fervor faded as the desire for personal gain grew)

10. Key Events Third Crusade Post-2nd Crusade 1147-1148
Jerusalem captured by Muslims
Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin
(Muslim leader) 1188
Third
Crusade
In 1093 Alexius Comnenus I sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders
Three armies of knights and people of all classes gathered outside of Constantinople by 1097 (mostly French but many others as well) unorganized, ill prepared, argumentative….an army of 12,000 approached Jerusalem in 1099 and besieged the city for over a month…finally won the city…the strip of land they took over was split into 4 crusader states each controlled by a European noble
Muslim counterattack and land is lost including Jerusalem
Third Crusade is b/t Richard and Saladin (Phillip II of France argued w/ Richard and went home…Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the journey)…both were brilliant warriors…the two agreed to a truce in 1192…Muslims controlled the city but unarmed Christian pilgrims could enter the city
4th Crusade: the “crusading spirit” is dwindling…crusaders don’t even make it to the Holy Lands…rather they loot Constantinople…(religious fervor faded as the desire for personal gain grew)

12. Key Events Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders
4th Crusade
Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders
The Great Schism
The Church splits over
excommunication
In 1093 Alexius Comnenus I sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders
Three armies of knights and people of all classes gathered outside of Constantinople by 1097 (mostly French but many others as well) unorganized, ill prepared, argumentative….an army of 12,000 approached Jerusalem in 1099 and besieged the city for over a month…finally won the city…the strip of land they took over was split into 4 crusader states each controlled by a European noble
Muslim counterattack and land is lost including Jerusalem
Third Crusade is b/t Richard and Saladin (Phillip II of France argued w/ Richard and went home…Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the journey)…both were brilliant warriors…the two agreed to a truce in 1192…Muslims controlled the city but unarmed Christian pilgrims could enter the city
4th Crusade: the “crusading spirit” is dwindling…crusaders don’t even make it to the Holy Lands…rather they loot Constantinople…(religious fervor faded as the desire for personal gain grew)

14. Define Crusades
Who fought in the Crusades?
Which pope called for the First Crusade?
Which Muslim leader (sultan) recaptured Jerusalem between the Second and Third Crusades?
Which English king fought in the Third Crusade?
Which city was attacked during the Fourth Crusade?

15. Effects of The Crusades
Weakened the power and influence of the Pope and nobles
Strengthened the power of the monarchs
WHY?

16. Stimulated trade throughout the Med. & Middle East
Food products
rice, coffee, dates, apricots, lemons, sugar, spices such as ginger, melons, rhubarb, etc.
Household goods
mirrors, carpets, cotton cloth for clothing, ships, compasses, writing paper, wheelbarrows, mattresses, shawls, etc.
New ideas
chess, Arabic figures 0 to 9, pain killing drugs, algebra, irrigation, chemistry, the color scarlet, water wheels, water clocks, etc.

17. Effects of The Crusades
Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
Weakened the Byzantine Empire

18. Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire.
Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire

19. Economic Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products. Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. New economic institutions developed.
Churches word reigns…start to break away from Church…start charging interest on money (beginning of banks)…becomes secular.
What are examples of letters of credit in our society? Credit cards, cash advance places, etc.
Those days they killed you if they didn’t pay you back. (banking families)

20. Economic Effects of the Crusades
Increased the demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods for trade in Middle Eastern markets (perfumes, oils, minerals, jewels, etc.)
Encouraged the use of credit and banking
The Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade
New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.
Churches word reigns…start to break away from Church…start charging interest on money (beginning of banks)…becomes secular.
What are examples of letters of credit in our society? Credit cards, cash advance places, etc.
Those days they killed you if they didn’t pay you back. (banking families) 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2

21. REVIEW QUESTIONS What was the major cause of the Crusades?
the conflict between the Muslim Moors and King John
the capture of Jerusalem by the Muslims
the invasion of Russia by the Mongols
the capture of Mecca by the Christians
2. All of the following are key events of the Crusades EXCEPT:
the capture of Jerusalem
the capture of Mecca
the sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders
the founding of Crusader States

22. REVIEW QUESTIONS 3. Which was a result of the Crusades?
increased desire for eastern goods
strengthened the Pope
increased cooperation between Muslims and Christians
weakened European monarchs
4. Which group of people invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in southwest Asia?
Mongols
Huns
Magyars
Vikings

23. Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages
Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations. Church scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West.
Church Scholars
Were among the very few who could read and write
Worked in monasteries
Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin
Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe
Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe
Who sits around and has the time to rewrite everything from greek & arabic to latin? Monks!!!
Our schools are based off of the universities of England in the 1800’s.
Girls didn’t go
Compare to other cultures today; Japan, etc.; how appreciative and respectful some children are

24. “Khanate of the Golden Horde”
Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China thus creating an empire and destroying cities and countryside.
1200s
Mongols invaded Russia in the middle of the 1200s…they were a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia
They come on the scene at the beginning of the 1200s under the leadership of Genghis Khan, one of the most feared warriors of all time
May have begun to move west due to military or economic pressures (lured by wealth of cities in the West)
Regardless of why, they moved rode their swift horses across the steppes of Asia and into Europe…savage killers…burned down anything in their path…had a reputation for brutality
At its fullest extent their empire stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Baltic Sea and from the Himalayas to northern Russia
1240…the Mongols attacked & destroyed Kiev (killed so many people that the devastation was still visible…in the form of dead bones still laying about…5 years later)…Mongols ruled southern Russia for 200 years…officially called the “Khanate of the Golden Horde”
Empire called the
“Khanate of the Golden Horde”

25. The Black Death: 1347 – 1665
In the 14th century, the Black Death (Bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe.
Impact of Black Death
Population declined (1/3 of Europe or Million People)
Resulted in scarcity of labor
Towns were freed from feudal obligations
Church influence declined
Trade was disrupted
Lord/vassals can’t protect people from the Black Death.
Relied on Church; Church had power; can’t save them either
Stealing, etc. disrupts trade

28. Bloodletting The Plague Doctor Vinegar Amulets Herbs Drink molten gold
Dressed like scarecrows; filled beak w/ Bergamot oil (like Vics Sav); couldn’t breath in
Physicians wore it at their waist; filled with dried toads, blood, and other herbs
Vinegar; people drank it, washed themselves with it; sprinkled on victims
Herbs; used licorice, rose, lavender, bay leaves, mint (tea)
Herbs
Drink molten gold