1. Chapter 8.2 Holy Roman Empire and the Church
During the Middle Ages, the Church and monarchs increased their power.
By 1077, conflicts had developed
Longest, most destructive feud was btwn the Holy Roman Empire and the Popes.

2. Objective: learn about
Holy Roman Emperors fail to unify Germany into a nation-state.
HRE Henry IV fights w/ Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture
Church reaches apex of its power around 1200

3. This is important b/c……
This is part of the struggle for rule over Europe: secular leaders vs. the Church.

4. Why was it such a big deal during the late Middle Ages?
Focus Q Thursday, 10/19
What was “lay investiture?”
Why was it such a big deal during the late Middle Ages?
What did it lead to?

5. The Holy Roman Empire
After Charlemagne's death, western Europe dissolved into many separate states.
By 936, Otto I had united Saxon and German lands, took title of King of Germany

6. Helped the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles
Otto I Becomes Emperor
Like Charlemagne, Otto I worked closely w/ the church
Helped the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles
The grateful pope crowned him emperor
His successors took the title Holy Roman Emperor

7. Emperors Struggle for Control
German emperors claimed control over much of central and eastern Europe, parts of France and Italy.
However, the real rulers were the Church and nobles
The Huge conflict was…—who would appoint bishops and abbots (church officials)

8. The Feud Btwn Pope and Emperor
1054, Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII scrap.

9. Gregory VII Causes Controversy
Many liked his reforms, but ……
Some policies aroused hatred, contempt
1. He didn’t want secular rulers to appoint church bishops so Gregory banned……
***LAY INVESTITURE—emperors or others appointing bishops, abbots***
Would be a 50 year struggle

10. Henry IV Responds Henry says he can do it Pope says “no, you can’t”
Henry says “yes, I can”
The issue….lay investiture

11. The Struggle Intensifies
Gregory VII excommunicates (excluded from the sacraments) Henry
Henry’s nobles revolted, forcing Henry to make peace
Henry repented…pope is a priest, had to forgive a sinner

12. The Struggle Intensifies
Gregory lifts the excommunication
Henry puts down his nobles….then….
Attacks Rome, forcing the pope into exile
That’s gratitude for ya

13. A Compromise: ***Concordat of Worms***
1122, both sides accept a treaty
***Church had the sole power to invest w/ spiritual authority (to elect) Bishops***
The emperor could still give them fiefs (for influence)

14. Think…Pair…Share
What is lay investiture? How are lay investiture and the Concordat of Worms related?

15. I thought they were funny…..Yogi Berra quotes
When you come to a fork in the road, take it.
You can observe a lot just by watching.
It’s like déjà vu all over again.
No one goes there nowadays, it’s too crowded.

16. The Struggle for Italy German emperors wanted control over Italy
They came into conflict w/ popes and wealthy cities in northern Italy

17. German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy
***(HRE) Frederick Barbarossa battled wealthy northern Italy cities (Lombard League) and the pope***
So did his grandson, Frederick II, BOTH FAILED
Barbarossa wants an empire from Baltic to Adriatic

18. “Red Beard”

19. Effects on Germany and Italy
Holy Roman Empire survives as a patchwork of feudal states
Germany wouldn’t become a nation-state for 600 years, unlike Eng and FR
Southern Italy and Sicily faced centuries of violence

20. Church Power Reaches its Height
In the 1200s, church reaches its peak political power
Popes like Gregory VII claim the right to depose kings, emperors
Later popes greatly expand papal power

21. Papal Supremacy
1198, Pope Innocent III claims supremacy over all rulers
“pope stands btwn God and man and is judged by no one”
Innocent tangles w/ many, usually wins
King John of England
King Philip II of France
Launches a holy war (crusade) against a religious group in Southern France

22. Papal Supremacy
Innocent III strengthened papal power w/in the church too
Extended the Papal States
Reformed the Church courts
Changed the way that Church officials were chosen

23. Looking Ahead French and English monarchies grew stronger
Around 1300, a French pope is elected, papacy entered a period of decline

24. Summarize
On focus Q page
3 things you learned
I wonder……
1 simile