1. PRESUPPOSITION and ENTAILMENT
4.2 Types of Presupposition
4.3 The Projection Problem
4.4 Ordered Entailment

2. Mary’s brother bought three horses
Introduction
: something that the speaker assumes to be the case before making an utterance
has presupposition
Entailment: something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance
have
E.g
Mary’s brother bought three horses

3. Mary’s brother bought three horses
Presupposition:
A person called Mary exists and she has a brother
she has only a brother and her brother has a lot of money
held by
all of them can be wrong.
entailment is the between two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of the other (B).
(A) The president was assassinated.
entails (B) The president is dead

4. 4.1 Presupposition Presupposition: relationship between two
a sentence that contains a (p) and another (q):
Example 1.
a. Mary’s dog is cute. (=p)
b. Mary has a dog (=q)
c. p >> q
Example 2.
d. Mary’s dog isn’t cute. (=p)
e. Mary has a dog (=q)
f. NOT p >> q

5. Example 3.
g. Everybody knows that Jeni is a singer (=p)
h. Everybody doen’t know that Jeni is a singer (=q)
i. Jeni is a singer
j. p >> q and NOT p >> q
presupposition of a statement will remain constant (i.e. still true) even when that statement is negated.

6. 4.2 Types of Presupposition
linguistics forms which can become actual presuppositions in context with speakers
speakers’ assumptions in words, phrases, and structures
Types of potential presuppositions:

7. Existential Presupposition
of the existence of the entities named by the speaker.
Example: Tom’s car is new
 presupposition:
Factive Presupposition
assumption that something is true due to the such as know, realize, regret, be, aware, odd, glad
Example:
She didn’t realize he was ill (>> He was ill)
We regret telling them (>> We told them)
It isn’t odd that he left early (>> He left early)

8. Lexical Presupposition
assumption that, in using one word, the speaker (word) will be understood.
Example:
Andrew stopped smoking. (>>He used to smoke)
You are late again. (>> You were late before)
the use of the expressions "stop" and "again" are taken to presuppose concept
Structural Presupposition
assumption associated with the use of certain words and phrases: (e.g. when and where)
Example:
When did she leave? ( >> she left)
Where did you buy the book? (>> you bought the book)

9. Non-factive Presupposition
assumption that something is
Example:
I dreamed that I was rich. (>> I am not rich)
We imagined that we were in London. (>> We are not in London)
He pretends to be ill. (>> He isn’t ill)
Counter-factual Presupposition
assumption that what is presupposed is not only , but is the of what is true, or contrary to facts.
Example:
If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to do this. ( >> you are not my daughter)

10. 4.3 Projection Problem
: occurs when a simple sentence becomes part of a more complex sentence
the meaning of some presupposition (as a part) doesn’t survive to become the meaning of a more complex sentence (as a whole).
Example:
A: “It’s so sad. George regrets getting Mary fired.“
B : “But he didn’t get her fired. We know that now.”

11. a. George regrets getting Mary fired (=p)
b. George got Mary fired (=q)
The speaker utters a, presupposes b
d. He didn’t get her fired (=r)
e. George didn’t get Mary fired (= NOT q)
The speaker utters d, presupposes e, the opposite of b
g. George regrets getting Mary fired,
but he didn’t get her fired (=p & r)
The speaker, after combining r&p, the presupposition q is not true

12. This shows that (necessary consequences of what is said) are simply more powerful than (earlier assumptions).
the power of entailment can also be used to cancel presuppositions.
Example:
The King of Brazil visited us.
 (The king of Brazil does not exist).

13. 4.4 Ordered Entailment
is not a pragmatic concept (i.e. having to do with the speaker meaning)
but it is considered a purely logical concept, symbolized by ǁ ̵
Example: Rover chased three squirrels (= p)
a. Something chased three squirrels (= q)
b. Rover did something to three squirrels (= r)
c. Rover ate three of something (= s)
d. Something happened (= t)
p ǁ ̵ q  logical consequence
Back
ground Entail-
ment

14. Foreground entailment
speaker indicate how entailments are to be ordered typically by stress for interpreting intended meaning
Example:
a. Rover chased THREE squirrels. b. ROVER chased three squirrels.
speaker can communicate what he/she believes the listener may already be thinking
It wasn’t me who took your money
 to attribute the foreground entailment to the listener(s) without actually stating it (as a possible accusation).
Foreground entailment

15. Exercise The following sentences make certain presuppositions.
What are they? (The first one has been done for you!)
1. The police ordered the minors to stop drinking.
Presupposition: The minors were drinking.
2. Please take me out to the ball game again.
3. Valerie regretted not receiving a new T-shirt for Labor Day.
4. That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very sad.
5. The administration forgot that the professors support the students.
6. It is strange that the United States invaded Cambodia in 1970.
7. Isn't it strange that the United States invaded Cambodia in 1970?
8. Disa wants more popcorn.
9. Why don't pigs have wings?
10.Who discovered America in 1492?