Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

Published byBelinda Jacobs Modified over 6 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Long lasting change in behavior due to experience."— Presentation transcript:

1 Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.
Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

2 Learning We will be studying three types of learning… Conditioning
A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning Observational Latent

3 Conditioning – a type of learning that involves a
Conditioning – a type of learning that involves a stimulus – response connection A learned association: certain events occur together stimulus – feature in the environment that is detected by an organism and produces a reaction. response – observable reaction to a stimulus

4 1A. Classical Conditioning (Learning by association)
Ivan Pavlov ( ) Studied Digestion of Dogs. Dogs would salivate before they were given food. Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.

5 Classical Conditioning

6

7 Classical Conditioning
Automatic/reflexive…(the learner does NOT have to think). First thing you need is an automatic relationship. Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- something that naturally and automatically triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UR)- the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

8 Classical Conditioning
Next you find a neutral stimulus (a meaningless stimulus that does not cause a response). You pair the stimulus with the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) several times.

9 Classical Conditioning
After several pairings, the body begins to link/associate the neutral stimulus with the Unconditioned Stimulus (US).

10 Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response. Neutral stimulus becomes a Conditioned stimulus Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

11 John Watson (observable behavior should be studied instead of mental processes) brought Classical Conditioning to psychology with his Baby Albert experiment.

12 Classical Conditioning as portrayed in The Office.
See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.

13 Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning terms Taste aversion Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination Use of classical conditioning in psychology Flooding Systematic desensitization Counter conditioning

14 Adapting to the environment
Taste aversion- learned avoidance of a particular food Extinction- gradual weakening of a CR when the CS appears repeatedly w/out UCS Spontaneous recovery- reappearance of an extinguished CR Generalization- same response to 2 similar stimuli (rat & rabbit) Discrimination- different response to 2 slightly different stimuli (ice cream & pudding)

15

16 Use of classical conditioning in psychology
Flooding- intense exposure to harmless stimuli until fear response is extinguished Systematic desensitization-exposure to fearful stimuli while learning to relax Counter conditioning-a pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, counteracting the fear

17

18

19 1B. Operant Conditioning
The Learner is NOT passive. Learning based on consequences!!!

20 Operant Conditioning (Learning by consequences)
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or weakened if followed by punishment.

21 B.F. Skinner The Mac Daddy of Operant Conditioning.
Used a Skinner Box (Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts.

22 Skinner Box

23 Reinforcers A reinforcer is anything that INCREASES a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement: The addition of something pleasant (add). A “reward” Negative Reinforcement: The removal of something unpleasant (subtract). Not a punishment

24 Positive or Negative Reinforcement?
Kiss for doing the dishes Prisoners try to break out of jail to escape being locked up Loud, irritating buzz until driver puts on seat belt Treat for your dog when he sits

25 Positive or Negative Reinforcement?
Taking aspirin for a headache Scratching an itch $ for A’s on your report card Hit snooze alarm at 6 am Drinking or taking drugs

26 Operant Conditioning puppy learns to roll over

27 Punishment Meant to DECREASE a behavior.
Addition of something unpleasant. Removal of something pleasant. Punishment works best when it is immediately done after behavior and if it is harsh!

28 Checkout lane at Target Name that reinforcement
Child Mother Behavior Throwing a tantrum!!! Giving candy Consequence Receive candy Tantrum ends/peace and quiet Result More tantrums in future Giving more candy in future

29 Reinforcement Versus Punishment
Positive Negative Positive Negative Stimulus is ... Stimulus is ... Stimulus is ... Stimulus is ... Presented Removed Presented Removed Behavior... Behavior... Behavior... Behavior... Increases Increases Decreases Decreases

30 How do we actually use Operant Conditioning?... Shaping
Shaping-procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal. Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior. To train a dog to get your slippers, you would have to reinforce him in small steps. First, to find the slippers. Then to put them in his mouth. Then to bring them to you and so on…this is shaping behavior.

31 Thorndike’s Puzzle Box

32

33 Token Economy Every time a desired behavior is performed, a token is given. Can trade tokens in for a variety of prizes (reinforcers). Used in homes, prisons, mental institutions and schools.

34 2 Observational Learning
Albert Bandura and his BoBo Doll We learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. No reinforcer necessary for learning

35

36

37 Media Violence & Children
TV- major source of informal observational learning Children see an average of 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before elementary school. American Psychological Association Media violence supplies models of aggressive skills children may learn May view violence as effective way of settling conflict Emotional desensitization Higher tendency for violent and aggressive behavior

38 3 Latent Learning Edward Toleman “Cognitive maps”
Maze running rats, ones that didn’t initially get a reward didn’t seem to learn, but when they started being rewarded their performance changed drastically Latent means hidden. Sometimes learning is not immediately evident. No reinforcement necessary for learning Group 1 always found food at the end of the maze. Group 2 never found food. Group 3 found no food for 10 days, but then received food on the 11th day.

39

40 Latent Learning Example
If you are in a car going to school with a friend every day, but your friend is driving all the time, you may learn the way to get to school, but have no reason to demonstrate this knowledge. However, when your friend gets sick one day and you have to drive yourself for the first time, if you can get to school following the same route you would go if your friend was driving, then you have demonstrated latent learning.

41 What ever happened to “Little Albert”?

Download ppt "Long lasting change in behavior due to experience."

Similar presentations

Introduction to Psychology

Introduction to Psychology
A.P. Psychology Modules 20-22

A.P. Psychology Modules 20-22
Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.
Cognitive Level of Analysis

Cognitive Level of Analysis
LEARNING.

LEARNING.
1 Famous Psychology Experiments. 2 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Experiments on dogs Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize - 1904 Dog.

1 Famous Psychology Experiments. 2 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Experiments on dogs Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize Dog.
Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.
Chapter 6: Learning 1Ch. 6. – Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience 1. Classical Conditioning : Pairing 2. Operant Conditioning :

Chapter 6: Learning 1Ch. 6. – Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience 1. Classical Conditioning : Pairing 2. Operant Conditioning :
Learning Theories Learning To gain knowledge, understanding, or skill, by study, instruction, or experience.

Learning Theories Learning To gain knowledge, understanding, or skill, by study, instruction, or experience.
READ!. Unit 4: Learning and Cognition Chapter 6: Learning.

READ!. Unit 4: Learning and Cognition Chapter 6: Learning.
Learning Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Studied Digestion of Dogs. Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)

Learning Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Studied Digestion of Dogs. Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)
Learning Review Flashcards for Terms on the Test.

Learning Review Flashcards for Terms on the Test.
Learning. A. Introduction to learning 1. Why do psychologists care about learning? 2. What is and isn’t learning? IS: A relatively permanent change in.

Learning. A. Introduction to learning 1. Why do psychologists care about learning? 2. What is and isn’t learning? IS: A relatively permanent change in.
Chapter 5 Learning. chapter 5 What is Learning? Occurs whenever experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.

Chapter 5 Learning. chapter 5 What is Learning? Occurs whenever experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.
Classical Conditioning Review An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The.

Classical Conditioning Review An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The.
Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.
LEARNING  a relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of an experience.  essential process enabling animals and humans to adapt to their.

LEARNING  a relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of an experience.  essential process enabling animals and humans to adapt to their.
Principles of Learning. “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”

Principles of Learning. “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”
Bell Ringer 1/27 1. What do you think of when you hear the word learning? 2. Anything we are born knowing how to do is NOT a result of learning. List some.

Bell Ringer 1/27 1. What do you think of when you hear the word learning? 2. Anything we are born knowing how to do is NOT a result of learning. List some.
Learning Chapter 4. What Is Learning? Learning – any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. –When people learn.

Learning Chapter 4. What Is Learning? Learning – any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. –When people learn.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google