1. Learning

2. Learning
Learning- relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Stimulus- Something that arouses a reaction/response
Associative Learning – Learning that certain events occur together. There are two types of associative learning that we will go over in detail:
1.) Classical Conditioning – Linking two different stimuli together to predict events
2.) Operant Conditioning – Behavior is strengthened if followed by a reward or diminished if followed by a punishment

3. Classical Conditioning
Type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli to predict future events

4. Classical Conditioning

5. Classical Conditioning

6. Classical Conditioning

7. Classical Conditioning

8. Other Examples… Bell rings when class is over
What do you expect to see?
Seeing flashing police lights in your rearview mirror
What is your gut reaction? Why do you feel that way?
Hearing the JAWS theme song
What are you expecting to pop up out of nowhere and start eating human beings?

9. Classical Conditioning – Pavlov’s Dogs
Ivan Pavlov
Russian scientist studying digestion noticed that the dogs in his laboratory often started salivating when they saw the researchers who provided the dogs with food
Originally an annoyance, he began to wonder what kind of link this had to the foundations of learning…

11. Pavlov’s Experiment 1.) Present dog with food (Unconditioned stimulus)
2.) Dog salivates (Unconditioned response)
3.) Ring a bell (Neutral stimulus), gives dog food (unconditioned stimulus)
Repeat step 3 many times
Learning – namely classical conditioning takes place
4.) Ring a bell (conditioned stimulus), dog salivates (conditioned response)

12. Vocabulary
Unconditioned stimulus –stimulus that triggers a response naturally (no learning is involved)
Unconditioned response- naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus- stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Conditioned response- A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus- a neutral stimulus that now elicits a conditioned response because of its connection with an unconditioned stimulus

13. Pavlov’s Experiments

14. Pavlov’s Experiments

15. Pavlov’s Experiments

16. Pavlov’s Experiments

17. Ivan Pavlov…Pavlov’s Dogs

21. Complete the first two problems on your worksheet
We will go over your answers

22. Quiz There will be a quiz on classical conditioning on Monday 10/23/17
You will need to know what UCS, UCR, CR, CS, NS mean
You will need to know the vocabulary we go over today as well

23. Pavlov’s Experiments

24. Pavlov’s Experiments

25. Pavlov’s Experiments

26. Pavlov’s Experiments

27. Parts of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition- point at which the link between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is first established
When the dogs initially learned that getting food had SOMETHING to do with the bell ringing

28. Acquisition
Acquisition

29. Parts of Classical Conditioning
Generalization- Tendency to respond to similar stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
“I don’t care if she is a tape dispenser. I love her.”

30. Generalization Example: Little Albert (1919)
Psychologists named Watson and Rayner introduced a baby named Albert to a series of stimuli, including a white rat
Initially, there was no fear of any of the stimuli, including the white rat
However, Watson and his colleagues banged a hammer against a steel pole behind Albert when he began to reach out and touch the white rat
They repeated this process SEVEN TIMES

31. Little Albert, Contd.
After seven repeats of seeing the rat and hearing the loud noise, Albert starting bursting into tears at the sight of the white rat
Five days later, Albert had GENERALIZED his fear to a rabbit, a dog, a sealskin coat, but not to dissimilar objects like toys

32. Discrimination
Discrimination- ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

33. Extinction
What happens when you ring the bell several times without presenting food to the dog?
The conditioned response (salivation) diminishes

34. Does the conditioned response really go away forever?

35. Spontaneous Recovery
If you wait for enough time after extinction, the conditioned stimulus will produce the conditioned response, but the response won’t be as strong
This is evidence that the conditioned response is only suppressed and not completely extinct

37. Everyday Life Examples of Classical Conditioning
Former drug addicts will feel cravings when they are with people or places they previously used with.
Drug counselors (AA, NA, etc.) will advise you to stay away completely from people or places you associate previous drug use with in order to stay sober
Drugs used to treat cancer can cause nausea and vomiting less than an hour after administration. Therefore, many cancer patients associate these feelings with the sights and sounds of the clinic they receive the drugs from. Some may feel sick upon entering after a couple of treatments.