1.
Teotihuacan, Mexico

2. 1491 – Symbolic of pre-Columbian America
Periodization
1491 – Symbolic of pre-Columbian America
1607 – First permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia

3. Key Concept
Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

4. 1491-1607 Varied and complex native cultures The Pristine Myth
Some sophisticated civilizations
Aztecs and Incas
Corn cultivation spreads from Mexico to the North
Great Plains – mobile lifestyle
Many mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies

5. Key Concept
Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

6. 1491-1607 Rivalry amongst European powers
Desire for wealth and to spread Christianity
Columbian Exchange
Biological Marketplace
Peopling –
Mostly from Old World to New
Mostly from Africa
Animals – Horse transforms life on Great Plains

7. Columbian Exchange Plants Disease Corn and Potatoes to Old World
Transforms diets worldwide
Disease
Decimates native population within a century
Smallpox
Measles
Influenza

8. 1491-1607 Spanish implement encomienda system
Control over natives and over the land
Plantation slave labor from Africa emerges throughout Spanish empire
Spanish develop a caste system based on Spanish blood (Europeans, Africans, Natives)
Las Casas – 16th century Spanish critic

9.
First Great Awakening

10. 1607 – First permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia
Periodization
1607 – First permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia
1754 – Beginning of the French and Indian War between England/Colonists and France

11. Key Concept
Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources

12.
Imperial Rivalry between Spain, England, France, and Holland
Motivated by a variety of factors including the acquisition of wealth and the spread of Christianity

13.
Spain – California and Southwest
England – Massachusetts to Virginia
France – Louisiana and Canada
Holland – New Amsterdam (NY)

14. Labor Systems
Spanish –Encomienda system (Natives) then plantation slavery (African)
West Indies and American south (Carolinas) – plantation slavery (African)
Middle and North Atlantic – Indentured servants then, by the end of the 1600s, plantation slavery (Africa) Remember – Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

15. Interaction of Cultures
Spanish – class system based on European blood; intermarriage
English – sought to remove natives; no intermarriage
French – trading posts, sparsely settled, intermarriage

16. Interaction of Cultures
New England
Pequot War (1630’s), King Phillip’s War (1670’s)
Chesapeake
Bacon’s Rebellion – (indentured servant revolt – 1676)
South Carolina
Stono Rebellion (slave revolt – 1739)
Southwest
Pueblo Revolt (Native resistance to Christianity )

17. English Colonies - Comparison
New England, Middle, and Southern (includes the Chesapeake)
New England (Massachusetts, Rhode Island)
Puritans; “City upon a Hill”
Came in family units
Small towns, family farms, thriving economy (agriculture and trade)
Healthy climate; natural rate increase; longer life span

18. English Colonies - Comparison
Middle (New York and Pennsylvania)
Export economy; cereal crops like wheat (NYC and Philadelphia)
Attracted a wide range of European immigrants
More religious, ethnic, and cultural diversity

19. English Colonies - Comparison
The Chesapeake and North Carolina
Labor intensive tobacco
Indentured servants and, later, African slaves
Unhealthy environment; natural rate of decline
Short life span
By 1700, laws designed to control the slave population (were property and could be sold)

20. English Colonies - Comparison
South Carolina and the West Indies
Plantation economies (sugar, rice, indigo)
Large African slave labor population – blacks often outnumbered whites
Strict laws of control (Barbados Slave Codes)
No gatherings amongst slaves
No weapons owned by slaves
Triangle Trade

21. Government
Distance from England and salutary neglect led to a great amount of colonial freedom and autonomy
Mayflower Compact, House of Burgesses, New England town meetings
Unusually democratic for that time period

22. Key Concept
The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

23. The Enlightenment
The Great Awakening (1730’s and 40’s)
Mercantilism – Navigation Acts of 1660’s
Restrictions on colonial trade
Often neglected; smuggling