1. TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
MODULE 3
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

2. CONTENT Spill assessment
Suitable equipment for oil spills response and cleaning operations
Oil spill response strategies
Storage, disposal and neutralization of recovered oil
Equipment decontamination
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

3. Gulf oil spill disaster
MAJOR OIL SPILLS
Golf War 1991, Kuwait – mil.gallons
Deepwater Horizon, 2010, Mexican Gulf – 210 mil. gallons
Ixtoc 1, Oil Well, 1979, Bay of Campeche, Mexico -140 million gallons
Atlantic Empress, 1979, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, million gallons
Fergana Valley, 1992 Uzbekistan million gallons
Gulf oil spill disaster (
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

4. MAJOR OIL SPILLS
6. Nowruz Oil Field, 1983, Persian Gulf - 80 million gallons
7. ABT Summer, 1991, Off the coast of Angola, 80 million gallons
8. Castillo de Bellver, 1983, Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa million gallons
9. Amoco Cadiz, 1978, Off Brittany, France 68.7 million gallons
10. Odyssey Oil Spill, 1988, 700 nautical miles off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada - 43 million gallons
Amoco Cadiz oil spill (
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

5. OIL SPILT FROM TANKERS QUANTITIES 1970-2012
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

6. SPILL POTENTIAL CAUSES
Collision: the striking together of two vessels whilst underway;
Grounding: a vessel touches the sea bottom, either powered or drifting;
Contact: a vessel strikes an external object other than another vessel or sea bottom;
Cargo transfer failure: a cargo spill occurs while conducting ship/shore or ship/ship loading or unloading;
Fire/explosion: occurs onboard vessel but not due to above;
Structural failure: the hull cracks;
Sinking: a vessel sinks due to breach in watertight integrity or adverse loading.
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

7. Navigational difficulty -contributory factors
Close proximity to shore and shoals,
• Restricted sea room,
• Shallow water depths,
• Nature of seabed,
• Confinement of water way,
• Strong tidal streams,
• Strong trade winds,
• Heavy rain squalls and resultant restricted visibility,
• Traffic density and congestion,
• Choke points for traffic,
• The length of time to undertake a passage through a particular hazard.
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

8. SPILL ASSESSMENT
Factors affecting the ability of an oil spill to spread:
surface tension,
specific gravity
viscosity
Natural actions reducing oil spill severity:
weathering,
evaporation,
oxidation,
biodegradation,
emulsification.
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

9. Potential effects on plants and animals
Aquatic Habitats
Coral reefs - nurseries for shrimp, fish, and other animals /recreational attractions
Exposed sandy, gravel, or cobble beaches -
usually cleaned by manual techniques
Sheltered beaches -very little wave action to encourage natural dispersion
Tidal flats are broad, low-tide zones, usually containing rich plant, animal, and bird communities
Salt marshes - especially root systems, is easily damaged by fresh light oils
Mangrove forests (tropical regions)- replacing a mangrove tree can take decades
Marshes and swamps -little water movement
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

10. Source: www.globalgrind.com
Potential effects on birds and mammals
direct physical contact- fur or feathers come into contact with oil, they get matted down
toxic contamination - toxic effects of inhaled oil vapors
destruction of food sources and habitats - oil may linger in the environment for long periods of time,
reproductive problems - can be transferred from birds’ plumage to the eggs, have also been shown in some studies in animals
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

11. Source: www.oag-bvg.gc.ca
OIL CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY
Booms
Skimmers
weir,
oleophilic,
Suction
Use of sorbents
Dispersing agents
Biological agents
In situ burning
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

12. OIL SPILL RESPONSE EQUIPMENT
CONTAINMENT BOOM
Four basic characteristics:
• An above-water “freeboard” to contain the oil and to help prevent waves from splashing oil over the top of the boom
• A flotation device
• A below-water skirt to contain the oil and help reduce the amount of oil lost under the boom
A “longitudinal support,” usually a chain or cable running along the bottom of the skirt, that strengthens the boom against wind and wave action; may also serve as a weight or ballast to add stability and help keep the boom upright
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

13. Source: www.ecology.arguslimited.com
SKIMMERS
Weir skimmers
use a dam or enclosure positioned at the oil/water interface.
oil floating on top of the water will spill over the dam and be trapped in a well inside, bringing with it as little water as possible
the trapped oil and water mixture can then be pumped out through a pipe or hose to a storage tank for recycling or disposal.
prone to becoming jammed and clogged by floating debris.
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

14. Source: www.elastec.com
SKIMMERS
Oleophilic (oil-attracting) skimmers
use belts, disks, or continuous mop chains of oleophilic materials to blot the oil from the water surface.
The oil is then squeezed out or scraped off into a recovery tank.
Have the advantage of flexibility, allowing them to be used effectively on spills of any thickness
Some types, such as chain or “rope-mop” skimmers, work well on water that is choked with debris or rough ice.
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

15. Source: www.mavideniz.com.tr
SKIMMERS
Suction skimmer
operates like a household vacuum cleaner.
Oil is sucked up through wide floating heads and pumped into storage tanks.
Are generally very efficient, they are vulnerable to becoming clogged by debris and require constant skilled observation.
Operate best on smooth water where oil has collected against a boom or barrier.
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

16. Source: www.maritimenz.govt.nz
SORBENTS
materials that soak up liquids
absorption, adsorption, or both
both oleophilic and hydrophobic (water-repellant)
after use they must be removed from the water and properly disposed of on land or cleaned for re-use
Categories:
natural organic (peat moss, straw, hay, sawdust, ground corncobs, feathers, and other carbon-based products)
natural inorganic (clay, perlite, vermiculite, glass, wool, sand, and volcanic ash)
synthetic (similar to plastics, such as polyurethane, polyethylene, and nylon fibers)
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

17. ABSORBENTS
Liquids difuse into the matrix of a solid absorbent material by a process similar of capillary action causing it to swell and combine with a material in such a way that it will no leak out nor can it be squeezed out under the presure.
Engineered polymers with high surface area to promote rapid absorption
Can be used with volatile products
Suited more to recovery of low viscosity liquids and spilt chemicals
Less used that adsorbents.
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

18. Source: www.jcsteel.ecom
ADSORBENTS
Wetting properties – surface tension less than critical surface tension of the solid (abt.20mN/m, water mN/m)
Capillary action / relative surface tension, viscosity of the oil (low – fast penetration rate), important for foam based sorbents
Cohestion / adhesion – attraction material to itself / to another
Surface area –sorption rate direct related to direct exposed area
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

19. Source: ITOPF – Use of sorbents materials in oil spill response
ADSORBENTS
TYPES
Source: ITOPF – Use of sorbents materials in oil spill response
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

20. CHEMICAL /BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Dispersing Agents
chemicals that contain surfactants, or compounds that act to break liquid substances such as oil into small droplets.
these droplets disperse into the water column, where they are subjected to natural processes—such as wind, waves, and currents—that help to break them down further.
helps to clear oil from the water surface, making it less likely that the oil slick will reach the shoreline.
Biologic agents
nutrients, enzymes, or microorganisms
biostimulation and bioaugmentation
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

21. USE OF
DISPERSANTS
Source: IPIECA
Report Series –vol.5
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

22. DISPERSING OIL ADVANTAGES
Removing oil from the surface of the sea benefits creatures, such as seabirds and marine mammals, and habitats at risk from contamination by floating oil.
The formation of myriads of tiny oil droplets improves the opportunity for biodegradation of the oil by increasing oil surface area and so increasing exposure to naturally-occurring bacteria and oxygen.
Oil dispersed in the water column no longer drifts with the wind, being only under the influence of currents and tides. Dispersion can be a good technique to protect shorelines or sensitive resources located downwind of an oil spill.
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

23. DISPERSING OIL ADVANTAGES (2)
Aircrafts -large areas can be rapidly treated compared to alternative response methods.
Naturally or chemically dispersed oil droplets might become associated with suspended sediments where the suspended sediment concentration is very high (in the surf zone or in some estuaries).
The slight buoyancy of the oil and the density of the sediment will produce a neutrally buoyant ‘aggregate’. These aggregates will be transported long distances by the slightest currents and the oil will be distributed in a very diffuse way, over a very large area at extremely low concentrations.
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

24. Source: www.peacenews.org
DISPERSING OIL DISADVANTAGES
- localized and temporary increase in oil in water concentration that could have an effect on the marine life within the immediate vicinity of the dispersant operation.
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

25. DISPERSING OIL
Hydrocarbonbase’ dispersants are much less effective than ‘concentrate’ dispersants, even when used at ten times the treatment rate
performance of a dispersant will depend on the prevailing sea conditions (more rapid dispersion in rougher seas)
can be quickly applied and can be used under sea conditions where physical collection of the oil would be impossible
as evenly and as accurately as possible to spilled oil
recommended treatment rate for modern dispersants, applied undiluted, is a dispersant to oil ratio of 1 to 20–30.
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

26. OIL SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGIES CONTINGENCY PLANS
Hazard identification
• Vulnerability analysis
• Risk assessment
• Response actions
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

27. OIL SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGIES CONTINGENCY PLANS
Hazard identification
• Vulnerability analysis
• Risk assessment
• Response actions
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

28. Hazard Identification
Types of oils frequently stored in or transported through that area
• Locations where oil is stored in large quantities and the mode of transportation used to move the oil, such as pipelines, trucks, railroads, or tankers
• Extreme weather conditions that might occur in the area during different times of the year
• The location of response equipment and personnel trained to use the equipment and respond to the spill
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

29. Risk assessment Vulnerability Analysis
Lists of public safety officials in the community
• Lists of facilities such as schools, nursing homes, hospitals, and prisons
• Lists of recreational areas, such as campgrounds
• Lists of special events and when they take place
• Identification of parts of the environment that are particularly susceptible to oil or water pollution
Risk assessment
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

30. RISK
ANALYSIS
PROCESS
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

31. RISK ANALYSIS Historical records; Traffic patterns and frequency;
Incident reports and statistics;
Individual experiences; and
Expert technical advice and judgement.
The analysis assigned a rating of:
1. High,
2. Medium, or
3. Low,
According to Likelihood, and Consequence.
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

32. Source: www.msq.qld.gov.au
RISK EVALUATION
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

33. Response Actions
Notifying all private companies / government agencies that are responsible for the cleanup effort
• Getting trained personnel and equipment to the site quickly
• Defining the size, position, and content of the spill; its direction and speed of movement; and its likelihood of affecting sensitive habitats
• Ensuring the safety of all response personnel and the public
• Stopping the flow of oil from the ship, truck, or storage facility, if possible, and preventing ignition
• Containing the spill to a limited area
• Removing the oil
• Disposing of the oil once it has been removed from the water or land few hours or several days.
Exercises:
training of response staff
test of the plan
low-stress environment where new techniques and procedures may be tried without adverse consequences
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

34. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Equipment Alternatives to Collect, Store and Treat Oily Wastes
COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL ON PORT RECEPTION FACILITIES
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

35. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Reduce the amount of oily waste generated- selected shore clean-up techniques
Reuse the resources during clean-up
Recycle liquid oil by incorporating into refinery steams
Recovery the caloric value of waste materials
Disposal of waste that cannot be dealt with by one of the above options - incineration, landfill, composting
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

36. TREATMENT /DISPOSAL OPTIONS
Benefits
Disavantages
Re-processing
Use of caloric properties
Permanent storage not required
May require treatment before use
Limited processing capacity
Storage may be required awaiting processing
Stabilization
National legislation often allows
Use of stabilised oiled materials in construction
Only appropriate for oiled send, shingle and pebbles with debris on limited size
Skilled personnel and suitable facilities and equipment needed
Incineration
Many types of oiled material
Relatively expensive disposal process
Limited capacity of appropriate ficilities
Long term storage for waste may be requied
Land-farming / composting
Enhances natural process of biodegradation
Difficult to find suitable sites
Applicable to small spills
Slow process / not all oil components
Landfill
Organic waste may be biodegrade naturally
Can rapidly deal with large amounts of waste
Restricted application –legislation
Sites are scarce – can charge high rates
Many type persists for a long time
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

37. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Primary treatment
gravity separation
Secondary treatment
physical/chemical separation
Tertiary treatment
Biological/chemical treatment
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

38. Primary Treatment – Gravity Separation
Simplest form of gravity separation is to retain oil/water mixture in a settling tank
Oil layer can be removed by skimming or overflow and be reused
Most regularly used separator of this type is the standard API separator
However, emulsions cannot be treated this way
Emulsions frequently occur because of additives
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

39. Secondary Treatment - physical/chemical separation
Chemical emulsion breaking or coagulation
Iron or aluminium salts and charged polymers used under rapid mixing
Heating of the reaction mixture accelerates emulsion breaking process but also increases cost
For oil/water separation there are two types of filters.
Coalescence filters / Precoat filters
A number of processes take place in the filter resulting in separation
Adsorption and coalescence
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

40. Source: www.flottweg.de
Tertiary Treatment
Biological unit and use of micro-organisms
Source:
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013

41. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013