1. Neonatal Seizures

2. Seizures are possibly the most important and common indicator of significant neurologic dysfunction in the neonatal period. Seizure incidence is higher during this period than in any other period in life
immature brain has many differences from the mature brain that render it more excitable and more likely to develop seizures

3. Generalized clonic seizures that are bilateral, symmetric, and synchronous are uncommon in the neonatal period presumably due to decreased connectivity associated with incomplete myelination at this age.

4. TYPES OF NEONATAL SEIZURES
Subtle Seizures :Subtle seizures include transient eye deviations, nystagmus, blinking, mouthing, abnormal extremity movements (rowing, swimming, bicycling, pedaling, and stepping), fluctuations in heart rate, hypertension episodes, and apnea
Clonic Seizures Clonic seizures can be focal or multifocal. Multifocal clonic seizures incorporate several body parts and are migratory in nature

5. Tonic Seizures :seizures can be focal or generalized (generalized are more common). Focal tonic seizures include persistent posturing of a limb or posturing of trunk or neck in an asymmetric way often with persistent horizontal eye deviation. Generalized tonic seizures are bilateral tonic limb extension or tonic flexion of upper extremities often associated with tonic extension of lower extremities.

6. Spasms: Spasms are sudden generalized jerks lasting 1-2 sec that are distinguished from generalized tonic spells by their shorter duration.
Myoclonic Seizures :Myoclonic seizures are divided into focal, multifocal, and generalized types. Myoclonic seizures can be distinguished from clonic seizures by the rapidity of the jerks (<50 msec) and by their lack of rhythmicity

7. Seizures vs Jitteriness Jitteriness can be defined as rapid motor activities, such as a tremor or shake, that can be ended by flexion or holding the limb. Seizures, on
the other hand, generally do not end with tactile or motor suppression. Jitteriness, unlike most seizures, is usually induced by a stimulus. Also unlike jitteriness, seizures often involve eye deviation and autonomic changes.

8. causes of Neonatal Seizures
Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy :This is the most common cause of neonatal seizures
Intracranial Infections Bacterial and nonbacterial infections account for 5-10% of the cases of neonatal seizures and include bacterial meningitis, TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) infections, particularly herpes simplex encephalitis.

9. Vascular Events :These include intracranial bleeds and ischemic strokes
Brain Malformations
Metabolic Disturbances:
-Hypoglycemia can cause neurologic disturbances and is very common in small neonates and neonates whose mothers are diabetic
-Hypocalcemia, Hypomagnesemia , Hyponatremia
Local anesthetic intoxication seizures can result from neonatal intoxication with local anesthetics administered into the infant’s scalp

10. Neonatal seizures can also result from disturbances in amino acid or organic acid metabolism
Pyridoxine and pyridoxal dependency disorders can cause severe seizures
Drug Withdrawal Seizures can rarely be caused by the neonate’s passive addiction and then drug withdrawal. Such drugs include narcotic analgesics, sedative– hypnotics, and others
Neonatal Seizure Syndromes Seizure syndromes include benign idiopathic neonatal seizures (fifth day fits), Autosomal dominant benign familial neonatal seizures(treat. For 6-12mns)

11. DIAGNOSIS:
Some cases can be correctly diagnosed by simply taking the prenatal and postnatal history and performing an adequate physical examination. Depending on the case, additional tests or procedures can be performed
Blood should be obtained for determinations of glucose, calcium, magnesium, electrolytes, and blood urea nitrogen
lumbar puncture is indicated in virtually all neonates with seizures, unless the cause is obviously related to a metabolic disorder such as hypoglycemia or hypocalcemia.
EEG is considered the main tool for diagnosis, MRI.

12. TREATMENT :A mainstay in the therapy of neonatal seizures is the diagnosis and treatment of the underlying etiology (e.g., hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, meningitis, drug withdrawal, trauma)
Lorazepam: The initial drug used to control acute seizures is usually lorazepam. Lorazepam is distributed to the brain very quickly
Diazepam Diazepam can be used as an alternative initial drug, The usual dose is mg/kg IV over 3-5 min, However, because of the respiratory and blood pressure limitations, it is currently not recommended as a first-line agent.

13. Phenobarbital: Phenobarbital is considered by many as the first choice long-acting drug in neonatal seizures, The usual loading dose is 20 mg/kg, maintenance dosing can be started at 3-6 mg/kg/ day usually administered in 2 separate doses.
Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin: For ongoing seizures, if a total loading dose of 40 mg/kg of phenobarbital was not effective, then a loading dose of mg/kg of phenytoin can be administered intravenously, Maintenance doses of 4-8mg/kg.

14. Duration of Therapy Duration of therapy is related to the risk of developing later epilepsy in infants suffering from neonatal seizures, which ranges from 10-30% and depends on the individual neurologic examination, the etiology of the seizures, and the EEG at the time of discharge from the hospital.
In general, if the EEG at the time of discharge does not show evidence of epileptiform activity, then medications are usually tapered at that time. If the EEG remains paroxysmal, then the decision is usually delayed for several months after discharge

15. PROGNOSIS
The correlation between EEG and prognosis is very clear. Although neonatal EEG interpretation is very difficult. An abnormal background is a powerful predictor of less-favorable later outcome
The underlying etiology of the seizures is the main determinant of outcome. For example, patients with seizures secondary to hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy have a 50% chance of developing normally, whereas those with seizures caused by primary subarachnoid hemorrhage or hypocalcemia have a much better prognosis.