1. EVALUATE THERAPEUTIC VS. REPRODUCTIVE
CLONING
EVALUATE THERAPEUTIC VS. REPRODUCTIVE

2. WHAT IS A CLONE?
PRECISE GENETIC COPY

3. WHAT IS A CLONE?
The word CLONE brings to mind what images…….

4. WHAT IS A CLONE? Cloning occurs in nature all the time Identical Twins
Single Cell bacteria-asexual reproduction
“Rooting” a plant

5. WHAT IS A CLONE?
Cloning can be confusing and cause controversy

6. HISTORY OF CLONING
1ST CLONED MAMMAL 1996
Dolly

7. WHAT IS A CLONE?

8. WHAT IS A CLONE? There is a difference between THERAPEUTIC CLONING AND
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

9. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
HOW DOES THE PROCESS WORK
Nucleus is removed from an unfertilized egg (oocyte)
Nucleus from a single somatic cell (nonreproductive cell in body) is inserted in the enucleated egg
Reprogrammed genetic material produces reconstituted embryo

10. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Step 4 can either be Reproductive cloning or Therapeutic Cloning

11. WHAT IS A CLONE? REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
THE RECONSTITUTED EMBRYO IS PLACED INTO THE UTERUS OF A SURROGATE FEMALE
FEW SCIENTIST BELIEVE HUMAN CLONING SHOULD BE PERMITTED (REPRODUCTIVE)
NO EVIDENCE OF SUCCESSFUL HUMAN CLONING

12. WHAT IS A CLONE? THERAPEUTIC CLONING
The embryo is allowed to undergo cell division until the blastocyst stage (in vitro)
The blastocyst is opened and Embryonic stem cells placed in tissue culture
Cells divide and make exact copies of themselves

13. WHAT IS A CLONE? MANY SCIENTIST ARE IN FAVOR OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING
PROCEDURE USED TO PRODUCE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

14. SCNT

15. POTENTIAL U.S. PATIENT POPULATIONS FOR STEM CELL BASED THERAPIES
NUMBER OF PATIENTS
58 million
30 million
16 million
10 million
8.2 million
5.5 million
0.3 million
0.25 million
0.15 million/year
MEDICAL CONDITION
Cardiovascular disease
Autoimmune disease
Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Cancer
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Burns (severe)
Spinal Cord Injuries
Birth defects

16. REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC
GOAL OF REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
TO CREATE NEW ORGANISM, HUMAN OR ANIMAL.
GOAL OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING
CREATE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS THAT ARE GENETICALLY COMPATIBLE WITH THAT OF THE RECIPIENT

17. OBSTACLES TO REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
SUCCESS RATE VERY LOW
DEVELOP PHYSICAL PROBLEMS AT EARLIER AGE THAN NORMAL
“LARGE OFFSPRING SYNDROME”
20-30% LARGER NEWBORNS
DIFFICULT TO DELIVER

18. OBSTACLES TO Therapeutic CLONING
Embryonic versus Adult Stem Cell controversy

19. Embryonic vs Adult STEM CELLS
Embryonic or Pluripotent stem cells--potential to become many types of cells but not every type of cell

20. Embryonic vs Adult STEM CELLS
Adult or multipotent stem cells--committed to more limited cell types with particular functions---
Bone marrow
Umbilical cord blood

21. Human STEM CELL Research
Involves the use of human embryonic tissue
In 2001 President George W. Bush
NO FUNDING FOR HUMAN STEM CELL RESEARCH

22. Human STEM CELL Research
In 2009, President Barack Obama
Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells”
Stem Cell research is permitted by law.

23. OBSTACLES TO ADULT STEM CELLS
NOT ISOLATED FOR ALL TISSUES OF BODY
DIFFICULT TO ISOLATE
GENETIC ERROR SOMETIMES PRESENT

24. Stem Cell Stories

25. Questions?

26. Potential
Unlocking Stem Cell Potential

27. Ethical Issues
Ethical issues with stem cells

28. SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER (SCNT)

29. WHAT IS A CLONE?

30. REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC
IN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING THE RECONSTITUTED EMBRYO IS PLACED INTO THE UTERUS OF A SURROGATE FEMALE
FOR HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING, A FEMALE WOULD DONATE HER EGGS TO BE ENUCLEATED. THE NUCLEI OF HER CELLS WOULD BE REMOVED. THE PERSON BEING CLONED WOULD DONATE SOMATIC CELLS (ANY NONREPRODUCTIVE CELL IN THE BODY) A SURROGATE MOTHER WOULD ACCEPT THE FERTILIZED OVA IN HOPES OF CARRYING ONE TO TERM

31. REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC
IN THERAPEUTIC CLONING, THE EMBRYO IS ALLOWED TO UNDERGO CELL DIVISION FOR SEVERAL DAYS IN THE LABORATORY UNTIL IT REACHES BLASTOCYST STAGE.
A BLASTOCYST CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS AN OUTER LAYER THAT FORMS THE PLACENTA AND OTHER TISSUES NEEDED FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE UTERUS AND AN INNER MASS THAT FORMS ALL THE TISSUES OF THE BODY.
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS ARE OBTAINED BY OPENING THE BLASTOCYST AND PLACING THE INNER MASS IN TISSUE CULTURE. IN CULTURE THE CELLS DIVIDE AND MAKE EXACT COPIES OF THEMSELVES.

32. Embryonic vs Adult STEM CELLS