1. Memory and Intelligence
Finding Nemo
Ch. 8 & 9

2. Memory Memory Flashbulb Memory
persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
How Does Your Memory Work?

3. Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval
the processing of information into the memory system (extracting meaning)
Storage
the retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
process of getting information out

4. Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
Long-Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

5. Encoding Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
space
time
frequency
well-learned information
word meanings
we can learn automatic processing
reading backwards

6. Encoding Effortful Processing Rehearsal
requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
to maintain it in consciousness
to encode it for storage

7. Encoding Imagery Mnemonics Chunking mental pictures
a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics
memory aids (ROY G BIV)
especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

8. Storage: Long-Term Memory
How does storage work?
Karl Lashley (1950)
rats learn maze
lesion cortex
test memory
Synaptic changes
Long-term Potentiation
Strong emotions make for stronger memories
some stress hormones boost learning and retention

9. Storage: Long-Term Memory
Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection vs. memory of facts and experiences
Tasks requiring implicit memory
Tasks requiring explicit memory
mirror tracing
recalling last year
reading reversed text
paired associate learning
doing a word-completion task
identifying the head of state
singing part of a familiar song
writing a term paper

10. Retrieval Recall Recognition
the person must retrieve information learned earlier
as on a fill-in-the blank test
Recognition
the person has only to identify items previously learned
as on a multiple-choice test

11. Retrieval Cues Deja Vu (French)--already seen
cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before."

12. Retrieval Cues Mood-congruent Memory State-dependent Memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues
State-dependent Memory
what is learned in one state (high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

13. Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure
Information never enters long-term memory
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-
term
Long-
Attention
Encoding
failure leads
to forgetting

14. Forgetting Interference Proactive (forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference
disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

15. Forgetting Interference, cont. Motivated Forgetting Repression
people unknowingly revise memories
Repression
defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Amnesia – loss of memory

16. Memory Construction We filter information and fill in missing pieces
Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

17. Origins of Intelligence Testing
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Mental Age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Stanford-Binet IQ Test

18. Multiple Intelligences?
Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Howard Gardner (7 Intelligences)
Visual-Spatial, Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical

19. Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test
subtests
verbal and performance
Aptitude Tests
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Tests
a test designed to assess what a person has learned

20. Assessing Intelligence
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve

21. Assessing Intelligence
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test
alternate forms of the test
retesting
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to