1. Radiation and Radioactivity: Units and Quantities
- Saved as UNITQ.PPT
- Presentation time: 1 hr 45min
- 28 Total slides covering Vol. I, Tab D

2. Introduction
Quantities (mass, volume, time, etc.) vs. Units (grams, gallons, hours)
Units of exposure, radioactivity, and energy associated with ionizing radioactivity
As hours and minutes are to time ...
- Explain difference and relate to next bullet
- Introduce some of the units students will learn
- Compare importance of rad protection units with units of time

3. Objectives Define Discuss the use and conversion of unit prefixes
ROENTGEN, RAD, REM, CURIE, GRAY, SIEVERT, BECQUEREL.
SI units vs. Standard English units
Discuss the use and conversion of unit prefixes
Transform units using “unit analysis”
- 4 bullets will transition 1 by 1
- Using a conversion table located on Pg. 10
- Using conversion table on Pgs. 9, 12

4. Background Early risk associated with use of ionizing radiation
skin erythema dose - 25yrs
ROENTGEN introduced by ICRP
- Radiation studies began in 1895 with the discovery of x-rays
- Early physicist and therapist eventually knew that ionizing radiation was hazardous, however, there was no definite way to quantify the dose or damage. No suitable unit. Many injuries and deaths.
- For therapy-dose making skin red
- International Committee of Radiation Protection

5. Roentgen
- Unit of exposure

6. Roentgen Named after Wilhelm C. Roentgen
(thus the abbr... is capital “R”)
Pronounced rent’gen with a hard “g”
Limitations
only applies to photons
only applies in air
only applies to energies less than 3 MeV
- 4 bullets will transition 1 by 1
- Imphasize abbv. rules
- Ionizations produced in air

7. rad
- Unit of absorbed dose

8. rad 1 rad = 1 Roentgen www.assignmentpoint.com
- 3 bullets will transition 1 by 1
- 1953
- dose relates to an irradiated medium
- 1 Roentgen equivalent to 95 ergs/g of tissue
- gamma vs. neutron (LET)

9. rem
- Unit of dose equivalence

10. rem Roentgen Equivalent Man
The unit of dose equivalent for any type of ionizing radiation absorbed by body tissue in terms of estimated biological effect - Unit of dose equivalent
Dose in health record is in units of rem
1 rem = 1 Roentgen
- 5 bullets will transition 1 by 1
- For biological damage (tissue) purposes

11. Quality Factor (Q)
The specific value that accounts for the ability of different types of ionizing radiation to cause varying degrees of biological damage
X-rays, gamma rays, & beta particles 1
Neutrons & High energy protons
Alpha Particles
- Table Pg. 5
- Function of LET
- Higher LET - Higher Q

12. Curie (Ci) Named in honor of Pierre Curie
Radiation hazard does not solely depend on the activity. It also depends on the type of decay (alpha, beta, photon, etc.)
- 2 bullets will transition 1 by 1
- Transformation of the nucleus- DECAY
- Decay per unit time - Activity
- Beta(H3) vs. Photon(Co-60)
- A transformation may produce more than one photon/particle emmision (dependent on radionuclide-Table Vol. II, Tab M)

13. SI Radiation Protection Units
Becquerel (Bq) for Curie
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
Gray (Gy) for rad
1 Gy = 100 rad
Sievert (Sv) for rem
1 Sv = 100 rem
- 3 bullets will transition 1 by 1
- Pg. 8
- Abbreviations

14. BASE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE
Unit Analysis
BASE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE
Unit Unit Conversion
1 Bq x Ci
1 Ci 3.7 x 1010 Bq Bq 1 dis/sec
1 dis/sec 2.7 x Ci
1 Ci 3.7 x 1010 dis/sec
- 2nd Method for prefix conversion
- Only method to go from one unit to another
- Relations Pg Imagine an (=) between columns. WRITE ON BOARD
- Reference Ex in/week to _ mi/hr
- Imphasize units must be diagonal to cancel

15. BASE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE
Unit Analysis (Con’t.)
BASE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE
Unit Unit Conversion
1 rem Sv
1 Sv rem
1 rad Gy
1 Gy rad
1 R x C/kg
1 meter ft (39.37in)
Continuation
- In some cases will need both conversion table and unit analysis
- Lights on work examples
(1) 12 ft to _ m
(2) 25 mi/hr to _ ft/sec
(3) 22 Ci to _ Bq
(4) Ex. 7
(5) 35 GBq to _ Ci ( w/out table)

16. Summary Radiation Protection unit definitions (including SI units)
Unit Prefixes
Unit conversions
- 3 bullets will transition 1 by 1
- Terms very important
- Methods: Table, Unit analysis, your own
BE CAREFUL! Check quantity in relation to prefix (quarters, dimes, nickels)
- Units must be diagonal to cancel
-QUESTIONS?????????

17. Old Terms
Roentgen-Based on the quantity of electrical charges produced in air by X or Gamma photons 1R=2 billion pr
RAD-Radiation Absorbed Dose is the work energy resulting from the absorption of one ROENTGEN or 6.24 E5 Mev
          

18. More Old Terms
REM- Roentgen Equivalent Mammal is equal to the absorbed does in RADS multiplied by a quality factor
Quality Factors
Beta = 1
Gamma & X ray photons = 1
Alpha = 10
Neutrons = 20
          

19. New Terms sort of International Units have replaced the RAD and REM
GRAY (Gy) = 100 RAD
SIEVERT (Sv) = 100 REM
Same Quality Factors apply to the Sv

20. Units of Radioactivity
Curie (Ci) = 2.22 E12 dpm or 3.7E10 dps
Becquerel (Bq) = 1 dps
Maximum Dose/year = 5 REM or 50 mSv
Maximum Dose/year for Declared Pregnant Woman & Minors= 0.5 REM or 5 mSv
          

21. Half Life Calculation

22. *Effective dose equivalent
Annual Dose Limits
External/Internal Exposure Limits for Occupationally Exposed Individuals
Adult ($18 yrs)
Minor (< 18 yrs)
Whole body*
5000 mrem/yr
500 mrem/yr
Lens of eye
15000 mrem/yr
1500 mrem/yr
Extremities
50000 mrem/yr
Skin
Organ
*Effective dose equivalent

23. Dose Response Relationships
rem—No or minimal symptoms
rem—Moderate to severe illness
rem—Severe illness deaths start above 500 rem
Above 800 rem—Fatal
***Acute whole body doses
0-150 Perhaps increased cancer with long latency\\\ increased cancer risk GI damage at higher rates

24. Your Annual Exposure Activity Typical Dose Smoking 280 millirem/year
Radioactive materials use  in a UM lab
<10 millirem/year
Dental x-ray
10 millirem per x-ray
Chest x-ray 
8 millirem per x-ray
Drinking water 
5 millirem/year
Cross country round trip by air 
5 millirem per trip 
Coal Burning power plant
0.165 millirem/year 

27. Estimated Exposure To The National Population
Between 320 – 360 mr/yr

28. Another Look at Sources
The cosmic radiation which strikes the earth induces radioactivity in the atmosphere in the same way that the TRIUMF accelerators induce radioactivity in their shielding. Most of this radioactivity is very short-lived. Some radionuclides however survive to eventually reach the surface of the earth. Among these are H (tritium), Be (beryllium-7) and C (carbon-14) which has the longest half-life (5730 years). The concentration of these radionuclides in the air is quite low and they are all radioactive species with low radio-toxicity. As a result the average dose equivalent from this source is small: only approximately 0.01 mSv per year.

29. Some Exposure Limits 2 mr/hr Dose rate to public / Federal
500 mr Emergency responder limit / State/BRC
5 r/yr Occupational /Federal
5 r/hr Turn back value / State/BRC
10 r Property / Federal
25 r Life saving / Federal
>25r Volunteers only / Federal
Ref - 10CFR PART 20, EPA 400, FL-SOP

30. Security
All Radioactive Materials must be secured or under direct supervision at all times
There MUST be someone in the room at all times OR the door must be locked.

31. Spill Response On Skin—flush completely On Clothing—remove
If Injury—administer first aid
Radioactive Gas Release—vacate area, shut off fans, post warning
Monitor all persons and define the area of contamination

32. ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable—means making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits as is practicable consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public interest.

33. Radiation Protection Decrease Time Increase Distance
Increase Shielding