1. There will be an open notes test on this lecture tomorrow.
You will not be excused from this test should you “forget” your notes.
You will not be excused from this test should you choose to sleep during the lecture rather than take notes.
In short, there are no excuses.

2. The Islamic “Gunpowder” Empires
Chapter 27
The Islamic
“Gunpowder”
Empires
© Michael Wyka – Citrus High School.

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The Islamic Empires,
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. The Ottoman (Sunni-based Muslim Empire), Safavid (Shiite-based Muslim empire) and Mughal (Muslim-based Mongol empire) Empires, ca
These Islamic Empires are examples of Gunpowder Empires (foreign empire with access to gunpowder technology and using it to expand its borders, conquer foreign states, and control their new empires).

5. 1. The peak of Islam’s political and military power
Alike and Different?
A. Similarities
1. The peak of Islam’s political and military power
2. All based on military conquest…
-- hence gunpowder empires
3. All from Turkic nomadic cultures
4. All absolute monarchies
B. Differences
1. All were Muslim but Mughals ruled over a predominantly non-Muslim population…WHY?
2. Ottomans had large Christian minority…WHY?
3. Safavids were Shi’ite (Shi’a) Muslims

6. The Ottoman Empire ( )
Osman leads bands of semi-nomadic Turks to become ghazi: Muslim religious warriors
Captures Anatolia with light cavalry and volunteer infantry
Later, heavy cavalry
In Balkans, forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military service: devshirme
Often trained into the exceptionally loyal Janissaries corp.

7. 2. 1300’s: Ottomans expanded into Balkan Peninsula
Rise to Power
A. Ottoman Turks began to build power on northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula.
1. With decline of Seljuk Turks, they expanded and founded the Ottoman dynasty
’s: Ottomans expanded into Balkan Peninsula
3. Janissaries: young boys taken from the Christian population.
a. Boys were converted to Islam and trained as elite soldiers or administrators to serve the Sultan
4. Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo
a. Controlled the Balkan Peninsula
Janissaries

8. Mehmed II (“the Conqueror,” r. 1451-1481)
Captured Constantinople, 1453
End of the 1000 year Byzantine Empire
Renamed Istanbul
Transformation from warrior sultan to emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean)
Planned to capture pope, unsuccessful
Known for his cruelty.

9. C. Continued Ottoman Spread
1. The Ottomans took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula with holy cities of Mecca and Medina
2. Ottoman rule spread across North Africa though by 1600’s this area was semi-independent
3. Ottoman attempts to penetrate Eastern Europe were stymied by the Hungarians

10. Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)
Expanded into Asia, Europe
Besieged Vienna, 1529
Develops naval power
Stopped at the Battle of Malta, 1565

11. 4. Greatest threat to Europe came under rule of greatest of Ottoman rulers, Suleyman I (the Magnificent). Under his leadership, Ottomans seized Belgrade, won victory over Hungarians and occupied the country.

12. D. Ottoman Rule
1. The Ottomans copied many aspects of Byzantine political structure, especially imperial rule
2. A strong centralized government was established with the sultan at its head in Istanbul…no clear succession rules.
a. The position of sultan was hereditary…once in power, a sultan would murder all his brothers.
b. The private domain of the sultan was called the harem
3. The imperial bureaucracy was controlled by the sultan through his chief minister, the Grand Vizier
a. Most high government officials were Muslim by birth and many were chosen based on merit
b. The Ottomans administered their lands through local rulers called pashas
--Pashas collected taxes (giving a percentage to the Ottomans) and maintained law and order

13. Women in the Ottoman court
4. As Caliph, the sultan was the supreme religious leader but he delegated many duties to the Ulema, who administered the legal system and education
5. Islamic law applied to all Ottoman territory
6. Compared to other Muslim areas, the Ottomans were tolerant of non-Muslims…head tax
a. Non-Muslim religions were headed by an official who was responsible to the sultan
b. Capture of Christian youth and forced conversion.
7. Women had greater freedom under the Ottomans than in other Muslim nations
a. Could own and inherit property, could not be forced into marriage, and were permitted to divorce
Women in the Ottoman court

14. 1. The Ottomans laid siege to Vienna in 1529
E. Ottoman Decline
1. The Ottomans laid siege to Vienna in 1529
2. Ottoman advance into Mediterranean stopped at Lepanto in by Western coalition led by the Spanish…ended Turkish control of the eastern Mediterranean
3. In 1600’s, the Ottomans attempted to expand into Europe again
a. Vienna was besieged again
b. Combined European force pushed Ottomans out of Austria and Hungary
c. Ottomans would never threaten Central Europe again
Siege of Vienna

15. Ottoman Decline??? Local officials grew stronger!! Outside challenges
increase!!
Portugal makes it to Africa!!!
I put this box in to balance the slide
Ottoman Decline???
Ability of
Sultans declined!!
Even with
all of these issues, the
Ottoman Dynasty still
lasted until after
World War I!
Inflation from new world bullion!!!
No innovations like western Europe!!!

17. III. The Safavid Empire
A. Safavids descended from Turkic tribesmen in northern Iran…were Shi’ite (Shi’a) Muslims
– seized much of what is today Iran & Iraq
a. Sent missionaries into Ottoman lands
b. Massacred Sunnis when conquering Baghdad in 1508
– Safavids defeated by Ottomans; with this loss, Shi’ism was stopped from spreading westward

18. B. Safavids reach their peak of power under Shah Abbas
1. Continued to fight with Ottoman Empire for many years…mostly unsuccessful
2. After his death (1629), the Safavid Empire began its decline.
C. Safavid Religion
1. As the empire adopted more Persian customs and used more Persian bureaucrats, the Shi’a ideology was also affected.
2. Eventually, most of the empire converted to the Shi’a form of Islam. Most of the world’s Shi’a Muslims are still located in this area today.
D. Trade
1. Safavids had vibrant middle class
2. Greatest area of productivity in Safavid Empire was textiles
a. Carpets were prized all over the world

19. Safavid Dynasty had collapsed!!!
E. Safavids and Ottomans
1. Similarities
a. Both were originally dominated by warrior aristocracies
b. Workshops produced many products…artisans were numerous
c. Both encouraged international trade however, the Ottomans benefited from better outside trading contacts than the Safavids
d. Women lose freedom…similar to other Islamic societies
--Subordinate to fathers, husbands
--Lack opportunities for expression
By the mid-1700s the
Safavid Dynasty had collapsed!!!

21. 1. Invaded India from Kabul and conquered the Delhi Sultanate
IV. Mughal Empire
A. 1526…Founded by Babur, a Muslim, who claimed to descend from Tamerlane and Genghis Khan
1. Invaded India from Kabul and conquered the Delhi Sultanate
--Using that city as his base, he expanded into the subcontinent
The Mughals nearly
Controlled the entire
subcontinent…hadn’t
been done before.
Babur

22. 3. Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a policy of religious tolerance
B. After Babur’s death the empire struggled until his grandson, Akbar took control. He continued the expansion until most of India was under his control
1. Although his empire appeared highly centralized it was in reality a collection of semi-independent states held together by the emperor
2. The Mughal Empire was the greatest empire in India since the Mauryans
3. Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a policy of religious tolerance
a. Hindus served in lesser positions in his court and even Christians were present in the form of advisors
--Eliminated the head tax on Hindus
b. Akbar even took a Hindu bride
Akbar

23. 4. Akbar’s Social Reforms
a. Women’s position improved
--Widows encouraged to remarry…attempted to prohibit sati
b. Child marriages discouraged

24. 5. Akbar’s Death…1605
a. Most reforms were unsuccessful, but, nonetheless, the empire was very strong
b. Not much new territory was added by new rulers
c. India began to lag behind Europe in technological innovation
d. India continued to be a vibrant commercial empire…especially exporting cotton textiles to Europe… most of the trade was handled by Muslim merchants
e. Both peace and political stability (both during Akbar’s reign & after it) = period of growth in trade and manufacturing

25. C. Jahangir (1605-1627) and Shah Jahan (1627-1658) succeed Akbar
1. Both continue Akbar’s policy of religious toleration
2. Both preferred the arts over the military, which they supported greatly
3. Women’s roles under them
a. Upper class women had better lives, while all other women lost status and rights
b. Child marriage became more popular and remarriage for widows decreased… sati increased in the upper classes
Jahangir

26. D. Shah Jahan’s Tribulations
1. In order to hold power, he had all rivals murdered
2. Shah Jahan’s military campaigns and corruption in his court impoverished the state
3. Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal for deceased wife
4. His son, Aurangzeb, killed brother and imprisoned Shah Jahan

27. E. Aurangzeb… Succeeds Shah Jahan…Beginning of the End
1. Programs
a. Wanted to rule all of India
b. Wanted to cleanse Islam of Hindu taint…ended religious toleration
2. By 1707, he controls most of India
a. Wars are very expensive and distracting…took him away from actually running the government
--Many revolts lead to the autonomy of local leaders
b. Hindus excluded from high office
c. Non-Muslims taxed…especially hard on the poor
d. Mughals and Hindus create a blended society…both Muslims and Hindus restricted women severely
e. Groups such as the Marattas and Sikhs challenged his rule

28. F. Arrival of the Europeans mid 19th century
…the real end
1. The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French all sought influence in India
2. Cities such as Goa, Bombay and Calcutta were centers of European trade.
a. Increasing British influence under the East India Company
3. Industrial Revolution gave Britain the strength to take control in India

31. Common Elements of Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires
Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder empires”)
Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and military prowess of the ruler
Close relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition
Steppe Turkish traditions
Issuance of unilateral decrees
Intra-family conflicts over power
1595 Sultan massacres nineteen brothers (some infants), fifteen expectant women (strangulation with silk)
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Women and Politics
Women officially banned from political activity
But tradition of revering mothers, first wives from Chinggis Khan
Süleyman the Magnificent defers to concubine Hürrem Sultana
Originally Roxelana, Ukrainian woman
Convinces husband to murder eldest son in favor of her own child
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Agriculture and Trade
American crops effect less dramatic change in Muslim empires
Coffee, tobacco important
Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax morality of coffee houses
Population growth also reflects territorial additions and losses
Trade with English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch VOC
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Population Growth
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Religious Diversity
Ottoman empire: Christians, Jews
Safavid empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians
Mughal empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs
Mughal Akbar most tolerant
Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian exclusivity
Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving “divine faith”
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36. Status of Religious Minorities
Non-Muslim protected people: dhimmi
Payment of special tax: jizya
Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs
Ottoman communities: millet system of self-administration
Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in tandem with Hindus
Under Akbar, jizya abolished
Reaction under Aurangzeb
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Capital Cities
Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire, massive monumental architecture
Rededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofya mosque
Isfahan major Persian city
Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri
Chooses site without sufficient water supply, abandoned
Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture
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38. Deterioration of Imperial Leadership
Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury
Selim the Sot (r ), Ibrahim the Crazy (r )
Attempts to isolate them compounds the problem
Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals intensify
Role of women
Wahhabi movement in Arabia denounces Ottomans as unfit to rule
Force destruction of observatory, printing press
Safavid Shiites persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims, and even Sufis
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39. Economic and Military Decline
Foreign trade controlled by Europeans
Military, administrative network expensive to maintain
Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage, 1589; other revolts follow
Unproductive wars
European military technology advances faster than Ottomans can purchase it
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40. Cultural Conservatism
Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities
Islamic empires less interested in outside world
Swiftly fell behind in technological development
E.g. Jews from Spain establish first printing press in Anatolia in late fifteenth century
But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729
Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of dissemination
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