1. 3 Features of Renaissance
Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture
idealization of Ancient Greek and Roman culture
Perfecting the individual
Idealizing humanity
Secularism
Emphasis on non-religious rather than religious

2. The High Artistic Renaissance
Cultural Center moved from Florence to Rome
Focus on idealistic portrayal over realistic form
3 Giants:
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo

3. High Artistic Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Last Supper
3 dimensional subjects
Figures are idealized to show each apostle’s personality and relationship to Jesus
Reflects?...
Perfecting the Individual: Humanism-Depicts god as a human, symbolizing the perfection of man

4. High Artistic Renaissance
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
School of Athens- shows imaginary gathering of ancient philosophers
Reflects:
Greco-Roman culture- Classic architecture, depicts Aristotle, Plato, Ptolemy, and Pythagoras
Idealization of the individual- emphasizing the greatness of humans such as Plato
Secularization- idealizes intellectuals, not religious figures

5. High Artistic Renaissance
Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)
Painter, sculptor, architect
The Sistine Chapel- depicts the fall of man from the 9 books of Genesis

6. High Artistic Renaissance- Michelangelo
Influenced by Neoplatonism
Synthesis of Christianity and Plato
Hierarchy of substances: physical matter (plants)  Humans  God
Humans were the link between the physical world (body) and spiritual world (soul)
Reflects…
Perfecting the Individual
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel: “Creation of Adam”- well proportioned, muscular Adam reveals ideal human being meant to be a reflection of divine beauty (the more beautiful the body, the more god-like the figure)
David- 14 ft marble statue depicts the biblical hero David.

7. The European State and Church in the Renaissance

8. The European State in the Renaissance
The Renaissance State in Western Europe
England
War of the Roses- English civil war
Lancaster (supported by Tudors)= red rose
York= white rose
Result- York defeated, founding of Tudor dynasty
Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)- led strong, stable and prosperous monarchial government

9. The European State in the Renaissance
The Renaissance State in Western Europe
Spain
Unification of Castile and Aragón- through marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
Establishment of professional royal army
Religious uniformity- Catholic
The Inquisition- guarantee orthodoxy of Jewish and Muslim converts- used physical torture to extract confessions
Estimates of 2,000 executed, 92% being Jewish conversos
Conquest of Granada- annexed to Castile, Islamic rule ended, Reconquista complete
Expulsion of the Jews- approx. 150,000
prevent the "great harm” suffered by conversos from contact with Jews

10. The Lion Court in the Alhambra Granada, Spain

11. Europe in the Renaissance
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12. Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires
Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg Dynasty
Success through marriage not military
Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)
Gained east-central France, Luxembourg, and Low Countries from his marriage to Mary of Burgundy
Married his son Phillip to daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella
Their son Charles became both King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Opposition of the French for fear because they were surrounded by Habsburgs (recall Italian Wars)
Charles I and V, painted by Titan

13. Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires
The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire
History of the Eastern Roman Empire:
In 285, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire's administration into eastern and western halves
324, Emperor Constantine I transferred the eastern capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople
Following the fall of Rome in the 5th century, Byzantium was seen as the direct continuation of the Roman state
It was distinguished by its Greek culture and Christian Orthodoxy
Middle Ages: Byzantine Empire acted as a buffer between the Muslim Turks and the Christian West
Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory (1300s)
Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)
Mongol domination ended in Russia
Controlled by Mongols since 1200s
Ivan III annexed Russian lands and ended the Mongol invasion
After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, Moscow succeed Constantinople of becoming the new hub of Christian orthodoxy

14. The Grand Bazaar in Contemporary Istanbul

15. Challenge Question #1
Summarize the changes in each European state in 10 words or less (per state)
England
civil war, emergence of Tudors
Spain
unification of Aragon and Castile, inquisition
Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg dynasty becomes more powerful through marriage
Ottoman Empire
Fall of Byzantium, Ottoman Turks new power
Russia
got rid of Mongols, new center for Christian Orthodoxy

16. The Church in the Renaissance
The Problem of Heresy and Reform
John Wyclif and Lollards
Disgusted by clerical corruption
No basis in scripture for papal claims to authority
Advocated popes be stripped of property and power
Urged the printing of the Bible in the vernacular so every Christian could read it
John Hus and the Hussites
Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy
Burned at the stake (1415)
Execution of Hus

17. The Church in the Renaissance
The Renaissance Papacy
Julius II (1503 – 1513)
“Warrior Pope”- personally led armies against his enemies in the Italian Wars
Pious Christians appalled; viewed the role of the pope as a spiritual leader
Patron of the Arts- Patron of Raphael and Michelangelo
Leo X (1513 – 1521)
Second son of Lorenzo de' Medici
Executed foreign policy through his participation in alliances in the Italian Wars
Patron of the arts and education
Spendthrift- interest in art, literature, and personal luxury caused financial crisis
Granted indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica
Pope during publication of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
Succeeded by Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, as Pope Clement VII (1523–34).
Nepotism
Appointed family members to often unearned positions to promote familial interests and gain loyal servants
Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael
Leo X's pet elephant, Hanno
Raphael's Portrait of Leo X with cardinal Giulio de' Medici

18. Challenge Question #2 & #3
Describe the policies of the Renaissance Popes and what impact they had on the Catholic Church.
Worldliness- preoccupied with secular interests such as politics and culture
Caused loss of faith in the Catholic Church
Why are Wyclif and Hus worth remembering in European History?
*note- do not summarize what they did. I am looking for you to analyze what Semester 1 European History theme they exemplify.
their reform movements exemplify people’s distrust in the Catholic Church