1. Joints
And I’m not talking about the illegal kind.

2. Joints
Joints (articulations) hold bones together giving stability & mobility.
Classified according to the degree of movement:
Immovable – Fibrous joints
Slightly movable – Cartilaginous joints
Freely movable – Synovial joints

3. Immovable Joints Fibrous joints
Bones are held together by collagenous fibers
Are collagenous fibers stretchy or strong?
No joint cavity
Example: Skull sutures, tibiofibular joints

5. Slightly movable Cartilaginous joints
Bones are held together by cartilage
No joint cavity
Example: costosternal joints, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

7. Freely movable joints Synovial Joints
Most common type of joint in the body
The bones that articulate are separated by a joint cavity that is filled with synovial fluid and joined together by ligaments
Allows for more movement
Examples:
Shoulder
Hip
Elbow
Knee
Carpal
Interphalangeal joints

8. Synovial Joints Structures in a synovial joint Articulating cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Joint cavity
Bursae
Meniscus

9. Synovial joints Structure of a synovial joint
Articulating Cartilage – hyaline cartilage on the ends of articulating bones
Joint Capsule – layer of dense connective tissue that joins with the periosteum

10. Synovial joints Structure of a synovial joint
Synovial Membrane – inner layer of joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid
Joint Cavity – lubricates articulating surfaces within joints, has the consistency of egg whites

11. Synovial Joints Structure of a synovial joint
Bursae – fibrous membrane bags filled with synovial fluid
Often found where bones, muscles, tendons, or ligaments rub together

12. Synovial joints Structure of a synovial joint
Meniscus – fibrous cartilage pads found between the bones that act as shock absorbers and stabilize the joint
Found in the knee, jaw, sternoclavicular joints

13. Meniscal tear

14. Synovial joints Structure of a synovial joint
Ligaments – made up of dense connective tissue and connect bone to bone

15. Types of synovial joints
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
Condyloid
Saddle

16. Types of synovial joints
Ball and Socket
Allows for the most movement
Surface of a rounded head moves in a cup-like cavity of another bone
Examples: Shoulder, Hip

17. Types of synovial joints
Hinge Joint
Movement resembles a door hinge
A convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another
Examples: Elbow, Knee, and Interphalangeal joints

18. Types of synovial joints
Pivot Joint
Bone rotates/pivots on a ring around a central axis
Examples: Radius on Ulna, Skull on Spine (atlas/axis)

19. Types of synovial joints
Gliding Joint
One bone slides from side to side over another bone
Examples: Carpals and Metacarpals, Tarsals and Metatarsals

20. Types of synovial joints
Condyloid Joint
Oval surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression on another
Example: Metacarpal and Proximal Phalanx

21. Types of synovial joints
Saddle Joint
Saddle-shaped articular surfaces
Both bones have a concave and convex articular surface
Example: Thumb metacarpal - carpal

23. ACL Tear