1. Bio& 241 A&P 1 Unit 2 / Lecture 4

2. Functional classification of joints (based on degree of movement permitted within the joint)
Synarthrosis: Immovable joints
a) Sutures = joint between bones in the skull
b) Synchondrosis = epiphyseal plate
(Hyaline cartilage is eventually replaced by bone)
c) Synostosis = epiphyseal line of mature bones
Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints
a) Syndesmosis = dense fibrous connective tissue located
on the distal or proximal portion of long bones
  (eg. distal tibia and fibula (fibular groove), also distal radius and ulna (ulnar notch) - held by ligaments
b) Symphysis = cartilaginous joint (fibrocartilage)
(eg. pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs)

3. Functional classification of joints (based on degree of movement permitted within the joint)
Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints
c) synovial joints:
have a space between the bones called a synovial joint cavity, containing synovial fluid. The joint also has articular cartilage.
All diarthrosic joints are structurally synovial

4. Synarthrosis: immovable joints
Suture

5. Synarthrosis: immovable joints
Synchondrosis

6. Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints
Symphysis

7. Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints
Syndesmosis

8. Synarthrosis or Amphiarthrosis?
Gomphosis
Unique junction between your teeth and where tooth fits into cavity, periotial ligaments,

9. Diarthrosis: freely movable joints

10. Structural classification of joints (based on the presence or lack of a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue type)
Fibrous Joints
NO joint cavity. Fibrous CT hold bones together.
Cartilaginous Joints
NO joint cavity. Cartilage connects bones together
Synovial Joints
HAVE a joint cavity, containing synovial fluid, and ligaments which provide extra support. Cartilage is also present.
Now what material holds joints together

11. Fibrous joints
Synthartotic and ampharartic

12. Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses: Epiphyseal plate
First Rib and Manubrium
Symphyses: Pubic symphysis
Synchondroses – hyaline cartilage

13. Synchondrosis
Important for respiration – muscles pull rib 1 open to breathe

14. Symphysis

15. Synovial Joints
Joint capsule (synovial capsule) is covered by synovial membrane

16. 70% of knee injuries involve stretching or tearing the ACL

17. Bursa – pockets of synovial fluid
Several bursa on knee to help with friction
Kneecap – skin and bursa – prepatellar bursa

18. Types of joints in body
Joints are designed to provide range of motion
Some give one or more ranges of motion (1-3)
See one arrow, one range of motion = uniaxial joint
Planar joints – flat pieces of bone – ex: foot flex, navicular and cuneiforms/pharanx – gliding motion
Hinge joint- knee and elbow – flexation and extension – deep recess in one bone/notch and a trochlea/surface surface of other bone – bones define range of motion
Two arrows, biaxial joint
Ball and socket, three arrows = triaxial joint
As joint becomes round ball head fitting in a socket, increases range of motion

19. Pronate or supinate arm – pivot joint
Condyloid joint- curved surface sits in curved depression -

20. Pronate or supinate arm – pivot joint
Condyloid joint- curved surface sits in curved depression -

21. Saddle joint – deeper depression and more pronounced process than condyoid joint ex: thumb joint – allows for two actions
Ball and socket – hip is best designed ex – deep socket (acetabulum) and head of femur Use soft tissue to create socket for fitting
-flexation/extention, abd/adduction, and rotation

22. or Plane

23. or Condyloid