1. A New century
Chapter 20 Cornell Notes

2. The Modern Era begins Disaster Strikes Galveston
When the storm was over…
On September 8, 1900, Galveston was struck by a hurricane of unbelievable force, the storm lasted for 12 hours, winds reaching up to 120 miles an hour. High-cresting tidal waves completely covered the island.
-6,000 had been killed
-Thousands were homeless
-Worst natural disaster in U.S. History
Women’s Health Protective Associations- organized to inspect and safeguard cemeteries, streets, markets, dairies, schools, hospitals and parks
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built a Sea Wall to provide protection against any future hurricanes.
After Galveston was rebuilt, it resumed its role as a port of entry for immigrants

3. The Modern Era begins Oil- Texas Gold
Texans had been using oil for centuries;
Native Americans used it for medicine
Explorers had used it to fix leaks in their boats
Anglos had used it to grease the axles on their wagons
1840s- Canadian scientist discovered how to make Kerosene Lamps- oil was used and became more popular.
1866- people started drilling for Oil in Texas and natural gas started being used for home heating and lighting, and using oil to power locomotives

4. The Modern Era begins Spindletop – The First Gusher
South of Beaumont, January 10, mud, gas and oil started shooting into the air, as high as 100 feet. It flowed nonstop for the next 9 days. Estimated that 100,000 barrels of oil flowed PER DAY until the well could be capped.
Effect of Spindletop:
-Boosted overall economic development within Texas and beyond;
-Pennsylvania got new refineries,
-others constructed refineries,
-pipelines,
-ocean tanker
-storage facilities,
-AND it encouraged others to drill in Texas.

5. The Modern Era begins Houston Benefits from Oil Discoveries
As oil fields grew around it, Houston became the center of oil business activities. Petroleum companies needed the banking, insurance, transportation, and legal services that Houston could provide.
“Where 17 Railroads Meet the Sea.”
Houston Ship Channel was built to accommodate modern ships.

6. The Modern Era begins Lumber Booms in East Texas
Dallas Dominates Central Texas
Derricks- high towers that held the drilling equipment were made of wood.- Texas Piney Woods were ready to answer that call. Very dangerous job!
1913- Texas Legislature created a system to pay for job-related injuries that today is known as worker’s compensation.
Dallas became a center for banking, insurance and legal services. Also Retail (sold directly to the consumer in small quantities) center- Neiman – Marcus was opened 1907.
Dallas’ rail connection helped make it a white- collar city.

7. The Progressive Movement
Galveston Reforms City Government
The Terrell Election Law
Progressivism- a reform movement in the early twentieth century that sought to correct social and political problems
Commission- a form of city government in which citizens elect officers to head departments such as public safely and human services; the mayor has little power
Terrell Election Laws- passed by the state legislature, this law called for secret ballots and restricted campaigning near polling booths for all elections
Primary Elections- an election in which party members choose the party’s candidates for the general election

8. The Progressive Movement
Votes for Women
Suffrage is the right to vote
Opposition to Woman suffrage:
Women had no need to vote because men would protect their rights
Women would neglect their homes and children if they became more involved in political affairs
Suffragists argued:
If they had the right to vote, they could be even more effective in their traditional roles; they could cast their ballots in favor of better schools, more playgrounds, safe parks, and improved public health.

9. The Progressive Movement
Votes for Women cont.
Woman suffrage also argued:
If a woman failed to pay her taxes, her property could be sold; if she forged a check, she could go to jail; if she stole, she could be convicted; and if she defaulted on her contracts, she could be sued- in NONE of these cases would her father or husband be punished- therefore WHY was it that the only place in world that men wanted to represent women was at the ballot box?!
1918:
Texas women won the right to vote in party primaries by making a deal with the new governor, William P. Hobby. They promised that if he would sign a bill granting women the right to vote in primaries, they would support him in the forthcoming election.
United States :
Nineteenth Amendment women were granted the right to Vote throughout U.S.

10. The Progressive Movement
Prohibition
1919 the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution stated that Alcoholic beverages were illegal
It was so unpopular that in 1933 the law was repealed, it was thought the repeal would help improve the economy (You can tax the sales on alcohol only if alcohol is legal)

11. Discrimination this is a very ugly part of our history.
African Americans fight discrimination
Progress Era did not benefit African Americans
When the Republicans occupied the White House, they often appointed African Americans to federal jobs, sometimes in Texas.
By the 1890s the Republican Party stopped supporting African Americans because its members thought it would always be seen as a minority party in the South.
Jim Crow Laws- laws discrimination against African Americans
Segregation- the act of segregating, or setting apart, from the general population

12. Discrimination this is a very ugly part of our history.
African Americans fight discrimination
Blacks were required to sit in the back of streetcars, buses and in the balconies of public theaters. Had separate water fountains, restrooms, railway cars and waiting rooms.
Lynched- to put to death (as by hanging) without a legal trial
Poll Tax-a tax of a fixed amount so a person could vote
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- created to help work for racial equality. Began in Houston in 1912.

13. Discrimination this is a very ugly part of our history.
Cultures Clash in South Texas
Write three sentences that summarize this section.
Answers can include:
Mexicans were coming into Texas because of the Mexican Revolution of
People of Mexican descent made up almost half of the population in South Texas
Many people were killed from all “sides”
Texas Rangers and state militias were sent to help, but were later found to be adding to the violent