1. Zoonotic diseases in livestock – mitigating risk behaviour
Experiences from rural settings, incl. gender dimensions
Barbara Wieland
Team Leader Herd Health, ILRI
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2. How important are livestock-keeping cultures and traditions in the transmission of zoonoses?

3. Prevent – detect - response
Need to understand
Who does what?
Why and how?
What is the context and purpose of livestock keeping?

4. Roles related to small ruminant health management in Ethiopia prevent - detect
“Sheep are like ‘Injera’ ready to be eaten, “ Fast growing cabbage in the homestead” (women)
“Goats are cattle gifted for the poor” (women)
“Sheep are like money in a pocket” (men)

8. Awareness zoonoses, highlands Ethiopia prevent - detect
Survey in 430 households in Ethiopia (m=217/f=213)
source: commons.Wikimedia.org

9. Risk behavior: example dairy consumption in Borana prevent
Boiling of fresh milk is not common practice
“long time tradition of Borana people for not doing so”
the perception that “boiling of milk destroys vitamins”
“boiled milk is considered dead”
boiling of milk reduces the nutritional quality of milk
However milk is boiled for children: to prevent qullichoo (milk curdle, risk when vomiting)
“We don't boil. In other place boiled for children. If boiled, vitamin is destroyed. Milk has cream (qarruu). If ititu is prepared, when churned what becomes butter is the cream. When boiled the vitamin is destroyed, said by Borana. Smoking alone makes milk good. Milk in which cream has been removed is not good…” (IDI 36).
“We boil milk only for small children. Adults don't boil. We want that raw milk. Boiled milk is dead. Raw milk is good. Only educated people boil milk” (IDI 28).
Milk for children, reason for boiling was not to prevent milk-borne diseases:
“The reason boiled for children is qullichoo, formed when vomiting. If boiled, no qullichoo. Cream (qarruu) is removed and the milk given to children. Qullichoo can suffocate children when vomiting. Adults able to remove [the milk curdle]. In adults, no problem! The stomach is accustomed with raw [milk] “(FGD 4).
source: goalglobal.org

10. Perception milk-borne diseases prevent – detect - respond
Women highlighted health benefits of milk, but had poor awareness of disease risks:
“People drinking milk don't have problem. Rather, people who don't drink milk get sick”.
“We haven't seen milk related sickness. We haven't had any problem because of the milk from our animals. We use it to raise our children. We are not aware that one can get disease from milk”
“…The milk itself is medicine. Fresh milk can be recommended for TB patients”

11. Mitigate risk behavior? prevent – detect - respond
Need for effective and culturally sensitive communication strategies and trainings on prevention, detection, treatment and management
Promote good husbandry/milking practices
Confirm effectiveness of traditional treatments
Establish communication channels for reporting
Address low capacity of veterinary and public health services / infrastructure

12. prevent – detect – respond: opportunities
Promote small, but manageable changes that are acceptable
Changing production systems: change the way things are done
Novel ICT-based training and communication tools
Increasing traction for One Health approaches