1. Global History 9 Midterm Exam Review

2. The First humans?

3. Prehistory:
Period before writing was developed

4. Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle
Nomadic
people migrated in search of food supplies;
Limited population
smaller clans/ tribes
Use of fire, simple tools

5. Neolithic Revolution
shift from hunter/gatherer lifestyle to a permanent, agricultural lifestyle
Domestication of animals
Leads to civilizations
New technology
Populations increase

6. Civilizations What characteristics make something a civilization ?
What characteristics where particularly important to the civilizations that follow ?

7. First Civilizations – where & why?

8. Mesopotamia
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers define Mesopotamiawhich means “between the rivers” in Greek.
Also called ???

9. Sumerians city-states (ex: Ur, Uruk)
Cuneiform – written language that uses pictographs
Ziggurat construction
Metal plow, use of wheel
polytheism

10. Babylonians Modern Iraq (Tigris-Euphrates Valley)
Hammurabi’s Law Code – characteristics?

11. Indus River Valley Civilization
Mohenjo-Daro or Harappan Culture
Sewer system, grid streets, uniform building construction; all examples of centralized government.
What does this evidence suggest about this civilization?

12. China’s River Valley Civilization
Huang He River (Yellow River Valley) - Nickname?
Impact of Geography?
Shang Dynasty – 1650 BC
Developed written script (see ________
__________)

13. ZHOU DYNASTY 1100 BCE – 221 BCE
Concept of Mandate of Heaven and the Dynastic Cycle
Feudal system
First books
How to make silk from cocoons of silk worm

14. SHI HUANGDI and Qin Dynasty – 221 BCE – 206 BCE
Proclaimed himself “First Emperor”
Centralized gov’t
Promoted uniformity in Chinese writing
Great Wall
Terracotta Warriors

15. Ethnocentrism Belief that one’s culture is superior to all others
Highly negative connotation

16. Kingdoms of the Middle East: Phoenicians
22 character alphabet becomes basis for Greek Alphabet

17. Lydians
Used coin money; replaces barter system

18. Religion / Philosophy
The major ideas of the following beliefs systems are listed here; that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t know other things about them !!!!!!

19. Hinduism Origins: India Reincarnation Concepts of dharma, karma
Polytheistic
Vedas, Upanishads are holy texts

20. Confucianism Origins: China Based on the teachings of Confucius
Human nature is generally good – the good in people can be cultivated through education
Emphasis is on the group rather than the individual; the needs of the group are more important
5 Key Relationships; the superior person must set a good example
Scholars hold highest position in government; education is the noblest pursuit
Basis of civil service exam throughout Chinese

21. Buddhism Origins - India Founded by Siddartha Guatama
Four Noble Truths – Life is ____________ and the cause of it is _________
You can reach Enlightenment if you follow the ____________
Rejects the Caste System
Embraces ideas of karma and reincarnation
Explanation of life through the Four Noble Truths
Encourage moral life as described in the Eightfold Path

22. Animism
belief that a soul or spirit existed in every object, even if it was inanimate (nonliving)
Found in traditional African cultures and Native American cultures

23. Judaism Religion of the Hebrews monotheistic
Belief in the covenant; promise made between Yahweh (God) & Abraham
Led from slavery in Egypt by Moses (story of the Exodus)
Torah- holy scriptures (first 5 books of the Old testament)

24. Christianity Based largely in the Jewish tradition
Jesus of Nazareth believed to be Messiah
holy scripture- New Testament –Gospels
Various divisions and sects have developed
Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Protestant faiths

25. Interdependence
Term that highlights the reliance that cultures have on one another
Particularly true in modern world; limited resources require greater cooperation on the part of individual nations so that all people have access to needed materials
Also demonstrated by early societies where success of society depended on everyone fulfilling their roles

26. Monarchy
Political system where a single ruler, presumably from a noble family, runs the government
Most common political system in early civilizations
EX- Egypt, Chinese Dynasties

27. Democracy Political system where power is in the hands of the citizens
Athens was a direct democracy
The Roman Republic was a representative democracy (model for U.S. constitution)

28. Greece Achievements in math, science, philosophy, art, architecture
City-state structure
Athenian democracy
Alexander the Great

29. Rome Begins as a city-state, republic Expands to Empire
Civil War leads to imperial government
Pax Romana
Roads, cities, aqueducts, architecture
Influence of law
rise of Christianity