1. 29
Lecture 2 public Health
Air-borne diseases
Dr. Sarwar Arif

2. Many bacteria and viruses invade the body
through the respiratory tract.
These microorganisms can affect the upper and
lower respiratory tract and some of them can
spread to other organs as well.
Upper respiratory infections are very common.
Acute lower respiratory infections are a major
cause of mortality in children in the developing
countries.

3. Major air-borne infections include the following:
Viral infections
Mumps
Measles
Rubella(German measles)
Influenza
Infectious mononucleosis
Chickenpox

4. Bacterial TB
Pneumonia (pnemococcus, streptococcus,
haemophilus klebsiella, mycoplasma)
Whooping cough (Borditella pertusis)
Streptococcal infections( tonsillitis, rheumatic
fever)
Meningitis (Neisseria menegitidis)
Diphtheria (Clostridium diphtheriae)
Plague, pneumonic

5. Transmission of air-borne infections
Fungal
Histoplasmosis(histoplasma capsulatum)
Transmission of air-borne infections
Air-borne microorganisms are transmitted to
the new host through three methods:

6. Droplets: particles of saliva and mucous
secretions are ejected by coughing, sneezing,
talking, laughing and spitting.
These droplets may contain food debris and
microorganisms.

7. 2.Droplet nuclei:
When droplets evaporate before settling on
the ground
Dry nucleus remains which is small and light
Hence easily carried away by air and
capable of entering the bronchioles and
alveoli.

8. 3.Dust: some organisms can persist for a long
time in dust which then acts as a reservoir.
These organisms may be derived from sputum
or settled droplets.

9. Control of air-borne diseases
Main lines of controlling these disease can
be grouped under three headings;
The agent
Mode of transmission
The host.

10. 3.Protection of the host: individual can be
protected from air-borne infections by
Specific immunization in case of diseases for
which a specific vaccine is available such as
measles, influenza and whooping cough
or by using immunoglobulins such as for
measles. Using medication to prevent disease in high risk people such as isoniazid for prevention of TB

12. Mumps Acute viral infection caused by paramyxovirus
The v has affinity for glandular and nervous tissue
Enlargement and tenderness of one or both parotid glands
0ther organs develop infection in 30 to 40% of cases

13. Agent
Paramyxovirus it can be isolated from saliva, mouth, urine, blood, milk, CSF
HOST
In any age and sex
More common in age 5-15yrs
Highest incidence among non immunized children
Trans placental antibodies protect infants in first 6months of life

14. One attack gives life long immunity
Rarely second attacks can occur
Environment
Incidence higher in winter and spring
May occur any time during the year due to over crowding
Spread by droplet infection through the upper respiratory tract

15. Period of infection 6-9 days after appearance of parotid swellings
Incubation period days but may extend to 3-4 weeks

16. Clinical manifestation
Prodromal symptoms like fever, headache, malaise, anorexia
Pain around the ears and jaws
Swelling of parotid and salivary gland in 1-3 days
75% bilateral
One or both parotid gland affected by severe pain and tenderness
It may also affect tests, pancreas, nervous system, joints, eyes, ears, ovaries, prostate, breast and heart

17. Pain and stiffness on opening the mouth
The swelling and pain may subside with in 3 weeks of infection
Weakness and fatigue may persist for longer time
Sever cases associated with dysphagia, dyspnea, myocarditis, hepatitis, meningitis, orchitis (sterility) ovarites, encephalopathy

18. Diet
No restriction of diet except in acute stage, when the patient find difficulty in swallowing: soft and semisolid foods
Acid foods e.g fruit juice may increase discomfort so it should be avoided

19. Active immunization
Life attenuated mumps virus in combination with measles and Rubella MMR
After 6 moth of age
Single dose of 0.5 ml IM protects 95% of cases
No morbidity to the vaccine, no significant systemic or local reactions ,it is one of most effective and safe vaccines
Must not be given in pregnancy, patient receiving immunosuppressant, severely ill pat

20. Treatment Pain relived by analgesics , hot and cold compresses
focused on relieving symptoms until your body’s immune system fights off the infection. There are currently no medications to treat the mumps virus.
Pain relived by analgesics , hot and cold compresses
Bed rest
Nutritional
Emotional needs
get plenty of bed rest until your symptoms have passed
take over-the-counter painkillers, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol, to relieve any pain (children aged 16 or under should not be given aspirin)
drink plenty of fluids, but avoid acidic drinks such as fruit juice as these can irritate your parotid glands; water is usually the best fluid to drink
apply a warm or cool compress to your swollen glands to help reduce any pain
eat foods that don't require a lot of chewing, such as soup, potatoes and eggs

21. prevention
stay away from school, college or work until five days after you first developed symptoms
wash your hands regularly, using soap and water
always use a tissue to cover your mouth and nose when you cough and sneeze, and throw the tissue in a bin immediately afterwards