1. Malaria
Power Point Presentation By Rose Murey Graduate Student, Walden University 02 November 2014
My name is Rose Murey. I am a Graduate student at Walden University. I am going to do a presentation about Malaria disease

2. overview Audience Definition of Malaria History of Malaria
Malaria species
Malaria transmission, life cycle, signs and symptoms and diagnosis
Malaria statistical facts, endemic regions and worldwide situation
Malaria treatment, control and prevention measures
The topics of my presentation will include following topics: the audience of my presentation, definition of Malaria, History of malaria, types of malaria species, malaria transmission, malaria life cycle, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, statistical facts about malaria, malaria endemic regions and worldwide situation, and malaria treatment, control and prevention measures.

3. Audience Health Care Workers Tourists
The main audience of this presentation are health care workers and tourists who travel to malaria endemic areas. Although malaria has been eradicated in some parts of the world, there is still a growing concern of malaria transmission through healthcare workers and tourists who visit countries where malaria is still prevalent. Malaria is a very common health problem in these endemic regions where it has resulted in enormous human and economic losses. This presentation will help to increase knowledge and raise awareness about ways to reduce malaria incidence rates or impact of the disease. Other stakeholders that would be interested in this presentation are the general public, students, governmental agencies, and non governmental agencies who might be interested learning about the disease and perhaps are willing to offer support in global malaria eradication action plan.

4. Introduction What causes Malaria?
A single-celled parasite called Plasmodium, transmitted through mosquito bites
Where does the word Malaria come from?
two medieval Italian words, “mal” which means Bad and “aria” which means air
Why was malaria called bad air?
First believed to be caused by bad air in areas such as marshes and swamps
First of all, I would like to start my presentation by answering the following questions about malaria.
What is malaria? Malaria is a disease caused by a single-celled parasite called Plasmodium, this parasite is transmitted to humans through a mosquito bite.
Where does the word malaria come from? The word malaria originated from two medieval Italian words, “mal” which means bad and “aria” which means air. When these two words are combined together, the word malaria means bad air.
Why was malaria called bad air? Malaria was called bad air because long time ago before they found out that parasites caused malaria, people thought malaria was caused by the foul smell because it commonly affected people who lived in bad smelling areas such as near marshes and swamps. So, people thought that malaria was caused by the bad air surrounding those areas.

5. History of Malaria When and who discovered Malaria Parasites?
In 1880 a French army surgeon named Charles Louis Alphonse
When and who discovered that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites?
In 1897, a British officer named Ronald Ross
Discovery of the different Species of Malaria
Oschillaria malaria : French army surgeon Charles Louis Alphonse
Tertian Periodicity- An Italian neurophysiologist called Camillo Golgi
Quartan Periodicity: An Italian neurophysiologist called Camillo Golgi
When and who discovered Malaria Parasites? In 1880, a French army surgeon named Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran stationed in Constantine, Algeria was the first person to discover that there were parasites in the blood of a malaria patient. In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his brilliant discovery.
When and who discovered that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites? In 1897, a British officer in the Indian medical Service named Ronald Ross was the first person to discover that malaria parasites were actually transmitted from infected humans to mosquitoes and then back to humans.. He was also awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902 for his discovery.
Discovery of the different Species of Malaria: The same French army surgeon called Charles Louis Alphonse who discovered malaria parasites in the blood identified that there was only one malaria parasite species which he called Oschillaria malaria. However, further research done by An Italian neurophysiologist called Camillo Golgi found out that there were actually two kinds of the malaria species named Tertian Periodicity, which caused fever every other day and Quartan periodicity, which caused fever every third day. He was also awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1906 for his discoveries of malaria species.

6. Parasite Species
Plasmodium Falciparum: Formerly named Tertian Malaria, it’s the most severe species
Plasmodium Vivax: Discovered 1890 by an Italian investigators
Plasmodium Malarie: Discovered 1890 by an Italian investigators
Plasmodium Ovale: Discovered in 1922 by John William Watson Stephens
Reference:
Currently, there are four kinds of malaria parasites species that have been identified to infect humans. These are plasmodium Falciparum, plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium Malarie and Plasmodium Ovale. Plasmodium Falciparum was formerly named Tertian Malaria but later in 1997 after further review by an American called William H. Welch, he decided to change the name from Tertian Malaria to Plasmodium Falciparum in Plasmodium Falciparum is often the most severe species of malaria that causes severe infection such as cerebral malaria and most of the time can lead to death. The last second two which are Plasmodium Vivax and Plasmodium Malarie were both discovered in 1890 by two Italian investigators named Giovanni Batista Grassi and Raimondo Filetti. The fourth human malaria parasite species called Plasmodium Ovale was discovered in 1922 by John William Watson Stephens.

7. Mosquitos Species
There are more than 3,500 species of mosquitos worldwide
More than 400 species are female anopheles
About 50 species known to transmit malaria
Major African mosquito vectors bite indoors at night
Reference:
Research studies show that there are more than 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes found worldwide. Approximately 50 species have been known to transmit malaria. Major African anopheles mosquito vectors usually bite indoors and at night as you can see in this image.

8. Malaria transmission Parasite Infected Mosquito Bite
Parasite infected female anopheles mosquito bites its human host
Releases the parasite through the salivary gland.
The parasites enter the human blood stream and causes infection
Usually, malaria is transmitted through a parasite infected female anopheles which first bites the skin of its human host and releases the parasites into the blood through their salivary gland. When the parasites enter the human blood stream it then caused infection in the human body and various signs and symptoms depending on the type of parasite species.

9. Malaria Signs and Symptoms
Above are some of the signs and symptoms of malaria that affect the body systems. As you can see above, these include: headache, fever, fatigue, muscular pain, back pain, chills, sweating, dry cough, spleen enlargement, nausea and vomiting.

10. Malaria Diagnosis Rapid Diagnostic test (RDT) (needle prick)
Blood smear- More definitive test
Malaria Diagnosis: There are two methods used to diagnose malaria infection. One is the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) which is testing blood from a finger needle prick as shown in the picture above. The other one is the blood smear where the blood is smeared on a dish and observed using a microscope to confirm the presence of parasites in the blood. This method is more definitive because the parasites on a blood smear are confirmed. Another experimental method that is still in invented for future use is called the nano bubble rapid transdermal detection. This method is expected to be non-invasive, time and labor consuming way of detecting malaria through just the transdermal skin from a thumb print. As you can see above.

11. Life cycle of malaria
A scientist named Giovanni Batista Grassi Demonstrated the life cycle of malaria from mosquito to man in 1898–1899
As you can see in this slide, the life cycle of malaria starts from the time it bites the human skin to when the symptoms occur.
First , the infected mosquito bites the uninfected human and releases the sporozoites from its salivary glands. Then, these parasites travel through the bloodstream to the liver where they infect the liver and mature into merozoites. The matured merozoites are then released into the red blood cells where it caused infection in the body and then symptoms occur.

12. Continuation of Life Cycle of Malaria
This next life cycle is the same as the previous one but it is more detail. It gives a summary of the life cycle of malaria in both human and mosquito and parasite transmission process.
The three parts of the malaria life cycle are known as the exo-erythrocytic cycle, the erythrocytic cycle and the sporogonic cycle. The first two of these take place in the human (or other mammal) host, while the third occurs in the mosquito vector

13. Malaria Mortality Rates
Malaria is a leading cause of death in children in Africa
Every 60 seconds a child in Africa dies from malaria
Every year, approximately 1 million deaths from malaria occur
Reference:
According to statistical reports from the World Health Organization, malaria is a leading cause of death of children in Africa. Above are the statistical facts of global malaria mortality rates. Every 60 seconds, a child in Africa dies from malaria and every year approximately 1 million deaths from malaria occur worldwide.

14. Malaria Incidence and Prevalence
Every second there are 10 new cases of malaria in Africa
Every year, an estimated million people are infected with malaria
Each year about 1,300 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States
Reference:
Also, According to World health organization malaria incidence and prevalence reports, every second there are 10 new cases of malaria in Africa and every year an estimated million people are in infected with malaria worldwide.
Most of these cases in US are transmitted by travelers and immigrants visiting malaria endemic areas such as sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

15. Malaria Endemic Areas
The above world map shows the report from World health organization on the global malaria prevalence in As you can see in the map above, the areas highlighted in orange are malaria high risk areas while the ones highlighted in yellow are low risk areas. The other areas have no risk for malaria except that there are a few cased transmitted by travellers or immigrants from malaria endemic areas.

16. World wide Malaria Situation
As you can see from the map above from World Health Organization. Malaria is still a leading cause of death in children and the biggest single cause of death in Africa. In Asia , they have drug resistant strains of malaria species. In Europe and North America, the main problem is the increase in imported malaria cases.
As I had mentioned earlier, According to the World Health Organization ( WHO), “each year million cases of malaria occur and more than 1 million people die of malaria, especially in developing countries” (WHO, 2009).
Although malaria was believed to have been eradicated from the United States in 1951, “each year about 1,300 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States” (WHO, 2013). Usually, most of the cases found in Europe and North America are transmitted by travelers and immigrants visiting from malaria endemic areas such as sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (WHO, 2013).

17. Malaria Treatment, Control and prevention measures
Antimalarials
Quinine: Discovered early 17th century as medicine to treat fevers
Choloroquin (Resochin): Discovered 1934, used as antimalarial in 1946
Vector Control
Insecticide spraying: Outdoor and indoor spray using Dichloro-diphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): Discovered in 1939 as an insecticide effective against malaria by Paul Muller
Destruction of larval breeding sites
Personal protection measures
Insect repellent sprays and creams
Wearing protective clothing
Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs)
Room screening
There are so many measures that can be used to control or prevent malaria. These methods include using antimalarial drugs such as quinine or chloroquin (Resochin). Although these drugs do not prevent disease transmission, it helps to eliminate the parasites in the blood from causing malaria. Quinine was first discovered in the early 17th century from a bark of a tree as medicine to treat fevers by the Spanish missionary in South America. Currently, quinine is the most effective antimalarial drug for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women. Choloroquin was discovered in 1934 and used in 1946 as antimalarial drug.
The second method of malaria control is vector control methods where Insecticides and biological agents are sprayed inside or outside the houses to kill mosquito for example the use of DDT. In addition, destruction of larval breeding sites by draining stagnant water and bush clearing can eliminate mosquito breeding areas.
The last but not the least is the use of personal protective equipment such as, using insecticide repellent sprays or lotions, wearing protective clothing, sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs), screening the room to see if there is any mosquitos. Using personal protective measures method is the most effective and commonly used intervention in developing countries to control malaria.

18. Conclusion Malaria Global Action
Malaria still remains a serious threat to sub-Saharan areas
Currently the is no vaccination for malaria
Insecticide health problems such as DDT
Research programs and funding
Global eradication programs
World malaria day
Reference:
In conclusion, I must say that malaria still remains a serious disease that has afflicted the sub-Saharan areas for many years. Although mosquito bites are small, it causes a big threat to human health and economical loss of those countries affected.
Currently there is no vaccination available to prevent malaria. Some methods of prevention such as DDT insecticide have be identified to cause other health problems. However, According to Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, man research programs are aimed to improve our understanding of malaria and better measures to control this disease. Many global organization and institutions have collaborate to raise funds to support in the global malaria eradication action plan. I hope this presentation raised your knowledge about malaria so that you can protect yourself as an health care worker or tourist when travelling to malaria endemic areas.

19. Global Malaria Eradication Efforts
Reference: day/2014/en/
Did you know that April 25 is the World Malaria Day? I hope you can join the global fight against malaria on this day. By learning more about the effects of malaria, you can protect yourself, help educate others, raise awareness and support the global efforts to eradicate malaria.
Any questions?
Thank you.

20. References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Malaria: Human Factors and Malaria. Retrieved from
Gong, L., Parikh, S., Rosenthal, P. J., & Greenhouse, B. (2013). Biochemical and immunological mechanisms by which sickle cell trait protects against malaria. Malaria journal, 12(1), 317. Retrieved from
Snowden, F. M., & Bucala, R. (2014). The Global Challenge of Malaria: Past Lessons and Future Prospects. World Scientific Publishing Company. Retrieved from
Lukianova-Hleb, E. Y., Campbell, K. M., Constantinou, P. E., Braam, J., Olson, J. S., Ware, R. E., ... & Lapotko, D. O. (2014). Hemozoin-generated vapor nanobubbles for transdermal reagent-and needle- free detection of malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(3), Retrieved from
REFERENCES

21. References continuation
Mubi, M., Janson, A., Warsame, M., Mårtensson, A., Källander, K., Petzold, M. G., & Björkman, A. (2011). Malaria rapid testing by community health workers is effective and safe for targeting malaria treatment: randomised cross-over trial in Tanzania. PloS one, 6(7), e Retrieved from
 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Malaria: Malaria facts. Retrieved from
End.
Thank you.