1. Predation, Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism

2. INTERDEPENDENCE All living and non-living things in an
ecosystem are interconnected and changing
even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem.

3. COMPETITION Competing for Limited Resources
If resources become more plentiful, populations will increase.
Competition in nature often results
in a winner and a loser
. . . with the loser failing to survive!

4. Factors (food, space, etc) that
help control the size of a population = _____________
LIMITING FACTOR
During this drought,
there was not enough food
available and many kangaroos
starved.

5. REMEMBER: EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED !
BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
A decrease in the prey population means some predators will starve.
Fewer predators mean prey population will increase.
Increase in prey means more food for predators.
Predator population will increase until there is not enough food . . .
and the cycle repeats itself.

6. LIMITING NUTRIENT The short supply of a limiting nutrient keeps
the population
in check.
When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input
of limiting nutrient (ie.,fertilizer runoff) the
population increases dramatically = ___________
ALGAL BLOOM

7. Ways organisms interact
__________________
Between SAME kind of organisms
Live together and help each other
COOPERATION

8. COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc
Share food &
childcare responsibilities Groom each other
Take care of sick

9. COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc
Hunt in packs
Provide protection

10. Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism

11. Commensalism
Commensalism is a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

12. The clownfish lives among the forest of tentacles of an anemone and is protected from potential predators.

13. Some birds live among cattle to eat the insects stirred up as they walk. One example are egrets who hunt for insects near a grazing animal's mouth.

14. One animal attaching itself to another for transportation such as barnacles attach to shells or whales or a shrimp riding on a sea slugs.
shrimp riding on a sea slug
barnacles on whale’s tail and clam

15. One species uses a second organism for housing such as small mammals or birds that lives in holes in trees or orchids which live in trees.
Orchid in rainforest Venezuela

16. Parasitism
One organism, usually physically smaller of the two (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed

17. Ticks and fleas that live in a host animal's fur bite the animal and drink its blood are parasites.

18. Insects such as mosquitoes feeding on a host are parasites.

19. Vines such as Kudzu growing on Trees

20. Tomato Hornworm with Wasp Eggs

21. Tapeworm or Hookworms living in Host's Gut

22. The roots of the Owl Clover are partly parasitic on the roots of other desert wildflowers.

23. Mutualism
Both species benefit from the interaction.

24. Flowers and their Pollinators (examples:  Bees and hummingbirds gather nectar and spread pollen.)

25. Birds and mammals eat berries and fruits while the plant benefits by the dispersal of it seeds.

26. Algae and Fungi > Lichen - Algae gets water and nutrients from the fungus and the fungus gets food from the algae.

27. Cleaners eat insect pests from the skin of animals
Cleaners eat insect pests from the skin of animals. (ex: Egyptian plover cleans giraffes and buffaloes)

28. Many herbivores such as cows, sheep, deer, horses and rabbits depend on bacteria that live in their stomachs to break down the plant material.

29. Coral Reefs- The corals get food and the algae get protection.

30. Predation
one eats another (Herbivores eat plants. Carnivores eats animals.)

35. = 1 species Type of relationship Species harmed Species benefits
Species neutral
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species