1. Symbiosis Brian O’Meara EEB464 Fall 2016
Brian O’Meara
EEB464 Fall 2016

2. 1. Sea levels are rising due to global warming
1. Sea levels are rising due to global warming. Imagine a rugged landmass that will then be subdivided due to ocean barriers. How will this affect speciation, extinction, and diversification rates? Why?
2. How could a taphonomic bias affect our interpretation of Cope’s rule?
3. The appendix periodically gets inflamed and can even lead to death. Give a hypothesis for why humans have it and how you could test this hypothesis.
4. What is the distinction between sorting and selection?
5. What maintains an even sex ratio in many species?
6. Many species go through costly male competition: which male has the brightest tail, prettiest bower, loudest call. You watch a nature documentary that says this is for the good of the species, so that only the best males pass on their genes and so the species as a whole improves. Is this accurate? Why or why not?
7. Describe Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities and their importance.
8. Describe a major event in earth history and how life would be different today had it not happened.

3. Definitions of symbiosis Understanding how and why symbioses can change through time Making inferences about biology from graphs

4. Symbiosis = close, often long-lasting (for at least one partner) associations between organisms.

5. Symbiosis Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Both benefit
One benefits,
one neutral
one loses

6. Benefit to less-helped host
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Both benefit
One benefits,
one neutral
one loses +
Benefit to less-helped host -

7. Benefit to less-helped host
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Both benefit
One benefits,
one neutral
one loses
Benefit to less-helped host - +

8. Benefit to less-helped host+ -
Benefit to less-helped host

9. Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
Life-long
Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
Brief + -
Benefit to less-helped host

11. Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
Life-long
Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
remora-shark
Brief + -
Benefit to less-helped host

13. Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
Life-long
Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
wasp-aphid
remora-shark
Brief + -
Benefit to less-helped host

14. Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
Life-long
Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
wasp-aphid
remora-shark
predation
Brief + -
Benefit to less-helped host

15. Martin Purvis, http://lepidoptera. butterflyhouse. com. au/lyca/evagor
Merlin Crossley,

16. Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp

17. Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae

18. Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp

19. Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae
Ants heavier after leaving the caterpillars/pupae

20. Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp

21. Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae
Ants heavier after leaving the caterpillars/pupae
Adults reared with ants smaller than ones reared without ants
So, is this good or bad? May depend on how much predation there ise

22. Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
Life-long
Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
ant-butterfly
(x-axis butterfly)
wasp-aphid
remora-shark
predation
Brief + -
Benefit to less-helped host

23. http://www. newscientist

24. Als et al. The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in large blue butterflies. Nature (2004) vol. 432 (7015) pp

25. Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
Life-long
Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
ant-butterfly
(x-axis butterfly)
wasp-aphid
butterfly-ant
(x-axis ant)
remora-shark
predation
Brief + -
Benefit to less-helped host

27. Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
Life-long
coral-zooanthellae
Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species
ant-butterfly
(x-axis butterfly)
wasp-aphid
butterfly-ant
(x-axis ant)
remora-shark
predation
Brief + -
Benefit to less-helped host

28. Huelsenbeck et al. Statistical tests of host-parasite cospeciation
Huelsenbeck et al. Statistical tests of host-parasite cospeciation. Evolution (1997) vol. 51 (2) pp