1. The Reformation

2. The Reformation What made Protestants different from Catholics?
What were some of the differences among Protestants?

5. Late Medieval Religion
The Late Medieval Church
Reputation for Corruption
“Worldly” popes and clergy
“Ignorance”

6. Late Medieval Religion
Spirituality
Sufferings of Christ
Eucharist
Cult of saints
Purgatory

7. Late Medieval Religion
Salvation and Authority*
Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works”
Authority
Sacred Scripture
Tradition of the Church
Popes and councils

8. Late Medieval Religion
Indulgences
Began as monetary gifts
Became means of relaxing penance
“Treasury of Merits”
Indulgence preaching

9. Late Medieval Religion
Construction of St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome
Indulgence sales  rebuilding process

10. Late Medieval Religion
Questions?

11. The Lutheran Reformation
Martin Luther ( )
From Saxony
Law student
“Lightning storm”
Joined Augustinian Order (1505)

12. The Lutheran Reformation
Luther the Monk
Ascetic
Tortured soul
To Wittenberg, Saxony
Earned doctorate (1512)
Professor
Studied New Testament

13. The Lutheran Reformation
Luther’s New Beliefs
God is righteous, but gracious
Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it
“The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17)

14. The Lutheran Reformation
The Indulgence Controversy
Indulgence sales in HRE
Penned NINETY-FIVE THESES
Theses circulated far and wide

15. The Lutheran Reformation
Rome’s Response
Pope Leo X recognized monetary ramifications
Hearing at Augsburg (October 1518)
Papal legate demanded Luther’s submission
Luther refused
Raphael, Pope Leo X with Cardinals (1518)

16. The Lutheran Reformation
Luther the Rebel
Papal bull drafted (1520) threatening excommunication
Luther’s revolutionary ideas
SOLA SCRIPTURA
SOLA FIDE
“PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS”
Two sacraments

17. The Lutheran Reformation
The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521)
Church and emperor wanted resolution!
Luther given safe conduct
Refused to recant: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…”

18. The Lutheran Reformation

19. The Lutheran Reformation

20. The Lutheran Reformation

21. The Lutheran Reformation
Questions?

22. The Reformed Tradition
Origins of the Reformed Tradition
In cantons of Swiss Confederation, Geneva
Took Reformation further than Lutherans

23. The Reformed Tradition
John Calvin (1509–1564)
French humanist, student of law
Converted to Protestantism early 1530s
Ended up in Swiss Confederation, finally in Geneva (1536)

24. The Reformed Tradition
Calvin’s Teachings
INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION (1559)
Some major teachings
Majesty of God
Depravity of humanity
Predestination

25. The Reformed Tradition
Geneva under Calvin
Had to work with city government
Service of preaching, prayer, singing
Discipline strictly enforced
Relief provided to poor

26. The Reformed Tradition

27. The Reformed Tradition
Questions?

28. The Anabaptists Rise of the Anabaptists
Some Protestants questioned infant baptism
“BELIEVER’S BAPTISM”
First adult baptism happened 1525

29. The Anabaptists Radical Anabaptist Beliefs “Believer’s baptism”
Hands off for state!
Pacifism
No oaths

30. The Anabaptists Anabaptist Martyrs
Despised by Protestants, Catholics alike
Various punishments
Examples: Michael and Margaretha Sattler (1527)

31. The Anabaptists

32. The Anabaptists

33. The Anabaptists The Spread of Anabaptism Survived despite persecution
Scattered communities  eastern Europe
Anabaptist survive today

34. The Anabaptists
Questions?

35. The English Reformation
Henry VIII (r )
Renaissance prince
Loyal Catholic
Married Catherine of Aragon (1509)
No male heir!

36. The English Reformation
The “King’s Great Matter”
Henry wanted a divorce
Pope would not grant annulment
Henry met Anne Boleyn  problems escalated

37. The English Reformation
A Legal Reformation ( )
English ties to Rome severed
Henry divorced and remarried
Act of Succession
ACT OF SUPREMACY

38. The English Reformation
Resistance to Reform
Thomas More refused to acknowledge Act of Succession  executed 1535
Uprising in the north (1536)
Overall not much public protest

39. The English Reformation
Legacy of Henry VIII
Six wives!
Remained Catholic theologically
Succession (1543)
Edward
Mary
Elizabeth

40. The English Reformation
Elizabeth I (r )
Succeeded after Edward VI, Mary I
Sympathetic to Protestantism
Religious question must be resolved!
Best method: compromise

41. The English Reformation
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement
New Act of Supremacy (1559)
Centrist Protestant church
Protestant doctrine
Traditional in celebration, organization
Book of Common Prayer

42. The English Reformation
Questions?

43. Early Modern Catholicism
The Response of the Roman Church
Protestant Reformation  major loss
Church determined to reform itself
Church had to respond to “heretics”

44. Early Modern Catholicism
The Capuchins (1528)
Reformed branch of Franciscan Order
Absolute poverty
Served as preachers, missionaries, chaplains
St. Francis of Assisi

45. Early Modern Catholicism

46. Early Modern Catholicism
Ignatius of Loyola ( )
Wounded soldier  turned to Catholic spirituality
To become another Francis or Dominic?
Spiritual Exercises
Gathered disciples

47. Early Modern Catholicism
The Society of Jesus (1540)
Offered services to papacy
Obedience!
Missionaries, educators
Francis Xavier among Indians

48. Early Modern Catholicism

49. Early Modern Catholicism
Papal Leadership
Some holy popes!
Created Roman Inquisition (1542)
INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559)
Pius V (r ) venerating a crucifix

50. Early Modern Catholicism
Council of Trent ( )
Reform decrees issued
Doctrine
SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION
Seven sacraments
Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS
Bishops expected to implement in dioceses

51. Early Modern Catholicism
Aftermath of Trent
Reconciliation with Protestants became impossible
Long-lasting effects
Reform and revival  new era of glory for Catholicism

52. Early Modern Catholicism
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City
Consecrated 1626
Bernini, St. Peter’s Square ( )

53. Early Modern Catholicism
Questions?

54. The Reformation What made Protestants different from Catholics?
What were some of the differences among Protestants?