1. Body Orientation and Body Systems

2. Body Orientation

3. Study of body structure
What is anatomy?
Study of body structure

4. TYPES OF aNATOMY Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Histology
General body structure
Microscopic Anatomy
Cannot be seen with naked eye
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissues

5. Study of body functions
Physiology
Study of body functions

6. Major Body Regions Head (cephalic) and Neck (cervical) Extremities
Trunk
Chest -Gluteal (buttocks)
Abdomen -Pubic
Back -Inguinal (groin)
Axillary (armpit) -Perineum (region between
the anus and reproductive organs)

7. Body Positions Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet on floor, palms facing up, head facing forward
Supine
Body facing upward
Prone
Body facing downward

8. Directional Terms Anterior - front side of body
Posterior - back side of body
Superior - toward the head
Inferior - away from head
Medial - toward midline of body
Lateral - away from midline
Proximal - closer to point of attachment
Distal - farther from point of attachment
Superficial - closer to body surface
Deep - beneath body surface

10. Body Planes Sagittal Frontal Transverse
Divides body into left and right
Median or midsagittal – directly down middle
Parasagittal – off to one side
Frontal
Divides body into anterior and posterior
AKA - front and back
Transverse
Divides body into superior and inferior
AKA – top and bottom

12. Review Major Body Regions Body Positions Directional Terms Body Planes
Worksheet Opportunity

14. Body Cavities Dorsal (posterior) Cranial (houses the brain)
Spinal (contains the spinal cord)

15. Body Cavities Ventral (anterior) Thoracic cavity Abdominoplevic
Pericardial cavity – surrounds the heart
Pleural cavities – surrounds the lungs
Abdominoplevic
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and the small and large intestine
Pelvic cavity – contains the lower part of the digestive system (rectum), the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs of the female

16. Basic Structural Levels
Cells – the basic unit of life
Tissues – groups of cells working together
Epithilial – covers the surface of the body and lines the cavities
Nervous – forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Connective – used for support (bones and cartilage), for the attachment of other tissues (tendons, ligaments, and fascia), or for other specialized functions (blood)
Muscle – moves parts attached to it; skeletal, smooth, cardiac

17. Basic Structural Levels
Organs – groups of tissue working together

18. Basic Structural Level
Systems – organs working together to perform body function
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

19. Integumentary System
Protects internal body structures against injury and foreign substances; prevents fluid loss; important in temperature regulation

20. Skeletal
Supports and protects soft tissues and organs; provides framework; attachments for muscles; produces blood cells

21. Muscular
Moves body and its parts; maintenance of posture; production of body heat

22. Nervous
Controls and integrates body activities; responsible for “higher functions” such as thought and reasoning

23. Endocrine
Regulates body metabolism

24. Cardiovascular
Transports materials between different cells and tissues

25. Immune
Protects the body against infection and invasion

26. Respiratory
Provides for the intake and output of air, as well as the exchange of gases

27. Digestive
Supplies body with substance (food) from which energy is derived; transports wastes from the body

28. Urinary
Filters wastes from the blood; helps maintain water and electrolyte balance
Reproductive
Produces gametes; continues the species

29. Review
Body Cavities
Basic Structural Levels
Body Systems