1. Chapter 5 – National Interest & Foreign Policy
How do national interest and foreign policy shape each other?
RELATED ISSUE 2 – Should nations pursue national interest?

2. Chapter 5 – National Interest & Foreign Policy
How do national interest and foreign policy shape each other?

3. How do national interest and foreign policy shape each other?
Beginning of WWI (1914) much of the Middle East was part of Ottoman Empire – made up of 14 million Turks & smaller groups of Arabs, Armenians & Kurds
Ottoman fought on side of Germany and when war ended in 1918 it was dissolved
Britain, France & US made new countries. This caused many to live in new nation states where they did not share the culture, history or language

4. What is National Interest?
Think about what “personal interest” is.
Which personal interests are most important to you now? Which will be in 5 years? 10 year?
National Interest – a benefit or advantage related to a nation, actions that benefit a nation

5. Examples of National Interest
Economic Prosperity – stable employment and a decent standard of living
Security & Safety – laws that protect citizens, borders that can be defended under attack, governments that ensure personal safety, peacefully resolve difference with other countries and control who enter
Belief & Values – governments try to protect & respect the shared world views, cultures, traditions and languages of their citizens

6. Changing Views of National Interest
Not static and unchanging
Events inside a country can affect opinion (i.e. laws passed by leaders)
Events outside, such as a war, can also affect national interest

7. Differing Views of National Interest
Many people identify Canada as nation of peacekeeping – armed forces that maintain peace by keeping enemies apart until a crisis can be resolved through diplomacy and negotiation
Decisions about national interests may depend on whether it promotes peace in the world
Others think role should shift to peacemaking – which allows soldiers to use force for reasons other than self defense

8. Differing Views of National Interest
Some believe national interests should include global interests, where we pursue common goals & values as the rest of the world, some think this isn’t possible

9. National Interest & Military Strength
Some goals demand a strong military that can defend a country against hostile forces.
EX: USA and China believe this, and so they build up their military.

10. How are Nationalism & National Interest Related?
Choices inspired by loyalty to pursue national interests of a country or nation
EX: invasion of another country to gain territory or build up a country’s reputation
2008 China held Summer Olympics
Welcomed the chance to promote national collective identity and the influx of tourists to the region who helped the economy by spending money on the games

11. How are Nationalism & National Interest Related?
The Summer Games also gave the opportunity for individuals to pursue conflicting national interests in regard to Tibet
Tibet is controlled by China, may thought they should have self-determination
With world media on hand for the Olympics, they saw the opportunity to get support for their cause
Why do you think a country would choose to host the Olympics despite the possibility of a protest?

12. National Interest & Arctic Sovereignty
National Interest often involves claiming sovereignty over other territory
In the Arctic, 5 countries lay claim over islands and the ocean sea bed (Canada, US, Denmark, Norway & Russia)
2007 – Russia claims some of Lomonosov Ridge as part of the continental shelf
The continental shelf is a gently sloping extension of land that surrounds nearly all continents & lies underwater.

13. National Interest & Arctic Sovereignty
Russia planted flag on the seabed at the North Pole, laying symbolic claim to the resources that may be there
Canada disputes this claim
TWO factors highlight the importance of sovereignty over this area of the Arctic
1. Climate Change – may cause melting which would open up the NW Passage for shipping
2. Discovery of rich oil, natural gas, gold, tin & diamond deposits in Arctic seabed

14. Views on Canadian National Interests in the Arctic
August 2007 – Stephen Harper announced protection of Canada’s Arctic territory by:
Send patrol ships, increase aerial surveillance, expand Canadian Ranger program, Canadian Forces Arctic training centre built in Resolute Bay, deepwater docking & refueling port in Nanusivik, NT
Harper said “protecting national sovereignty and the integrity of our borders is the first and foremost responsibility of the national government”

15. How has National Interest shaped Foreign Policy?
Policy – a plan of action, guides choices & decisions, can be domestic (inside) or foreign (outside)
Domestic Policy – guides decisions within a country, can guide decisions about changing federal laws
Foreign Policy –guides decisions about relationships with other countries, may involve organizations like the United Nations

16. Effects of Foreign Policy

17. National Interest & WWI Peace Settlements
WWI was fought in Europe, the Middle East, Asia & Africa
Central Powers (Germany) vs. Triple Entente (Britain)
Millions dies, financial costs were enormous.
Before war, nationalism flourished in Europe and many feel that this helped cause the war.

18. The Beginning of WWI
Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife during a visit to Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Like Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Princip’s action sparked the events that drew members of European alliances into war with one another as each country tried to protect its national interests.

19. National Interest & WWI Peace Settlements
European governments believed that expanding their territory in Europe and their colonies was in their national interest.
European foreign policies involved forming alliances with other countries. Members of this alliance said they would help when another was threatened.
This Alliance system was one of the reasons many countries entered the war so quickly.

20. Canada & Others in WWI
Many countries involved in WWI had no say in the decision to participate in the war.
Canada was part of the British Empire, and Britain still controlled Canada’s foreign policy. When Britain declared war in 1914, Canada was automatically at war, too.
This also occurred to the people of the Ottoman, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian empires.
World War I lasted four years and finally ended when a truce was declared at 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918.

21. Treaty Negotiations in France
Took place in Paris, France, from 1919 to 1920
Leaders focused on the same issues that had started the war: sovereignty and territory, economic interests and security, and nationalism and national identity.
The victorious Allies, especially Britain and France, wanted to punish Germany.

22. The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty that involved Germany. Harsh financial, military, and territorial penalties were imposed. The treaty required Germany
to reduce its military strength
to pay war reparations to compensate the Allies for the costs of the war
to give up territory in Europe, as well as all its colonies
to accept responsibility “for causing all the loss and damage” that had affected the Allies

23. National Interests After WWI
When the war ended, Canadians turned their attention to domestic concerns.
During the war, Canadians had found work in factories making war weapons, ammunition, and equipment. After the war, these products were no longer needed.
Many people lost their jobs, and returning veterans had trouble finding work.
Domestic policies became more important than foreign policies.

24. National Interests in the Middle East
Before WWI, the Turkish rulers of the Ottoman Empire had focused on their own national interests. Arabs in the empire shared traditions, religion, language, and history — and often suffered persecution at the hands of the Turks.
During the war, Arab nationalism grew and they wanted self-determination. To help promote their national interests, Arabs helped the Allies fight the Turks and Germany in the Middle East.

25. National Interests in the Middle East
Prince Emir Faysal led Arab fighters against the Turks and helped the British gain control of Palestine in 1917.
Secretly, Britain and France had agreed to divide up the Middle East and control it themselves.
In 1919, Faysal travelled to Paris to try to persuade the treaty negotiators to keep their promise to his people, but did not succeed.
If you had been promised self-government after WWI, how do you think the broken promises of Britain and France might have affected your feelings of nationalism?

26. National Interests in the Middle East
WWI changed the demand for oil, which was used to fuel tanks, airplanes, ships, etc.
The Middle East was rich in oil. France and Britain believed that if they controlled the Middle East, they would control an important source of oil which was in their national interest.
This was one reason they broke their promise to ensure Arabs an independent homeland, which outraged Arab nationalists.

27. Oil & National Interests in Iraq
Iraq and Oil
Nearly 25 per cent of the world’s oil reserves are located in Iraq.
The struggle to control Iraq’s oil has caused wars, civil conflict, and invasions.
In March 2003, Iraq was attacked by soldiers from the US, Britain, and alliance of other countries.
Britain and the US invaded to protect their countries’ national security by getting rid of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein and destroying Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction.
Saddam was captured and executed, but no WMD’s were found. Troops remain in Iraq to this day.

28. Oil & National Interests in Iraq

29. Oil & National Interests in Iraq
U.S. National Interest and Foreign Policy
Nearly 3000 people died in the attacks against the twin towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
In response, President George W. Bush announced a “war on terror.” He vowed to track down al- Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and members of the network.

30. Oil & National Interests in Iraq
Iraqi National Interest and Foreign Policy
By the end of 2007, Saddam had been deposed and executed, and Iraqis had elected a government. Safety and security were still major concerns.
Every day, Iraqis experienced deadly violence as coalition, ethnic, and religious forces clashed.
The conflict interfered with Iraqis’ security and economic prosperity. The country’s gross domestic product — the value of all goods and services produced in a country every year — was only $1900 a person. By comparison, Canada’s GDP was $ a person.

31. 9/11 & Canada in Afghanistan
After the attacks, the United Nations agreed that the US and its allies could invade Afghanistan. The goal was to destroy the Taliban regime and track down bin Laden.
The UN authorized the North Atlantic Treaty Organization — NATO — to organize the Afghan mission, which started in Forces from Canada, Britain, and other NATO members joined the U.S. in the mission to Afghanistan.
The Taliban government was defeated, and Canadian forces helped keep peace while a new government was formed.

32. 9/11 & Canada in Afghanistan
The United States invaded Iraq in 2003 and many of the American troops in Afghanistan were reassigned to Iraq. This reduced the size of the NATO force. To make up for this, other countries, including Canada, increased the size of their forces in Afghanistan. Canadian forces also expanded their role to include active combat.

33. Debate Over Afghanistan
As the fighting in Afghanistan continued, Canada and its NATO allies realized that they must work harder to help Afghans build a democratic, self- sufficient society including helping to rebuild the economy, political processes, armed forces and police, and humanitarian and medical facilities.
Al-Qaeda and the Taliban recruited guerrillas — independent armed forces that fight against government forces — to disrupt the lives of the Afghan people and fight the NATO forces.
Many Canadians were killed and the financial cost of war was high (over $4 billion by 2011).

34. Debate Over Afghanistan
The continuing conflict sparked debate in Canada over how long Canadian troops should stay in Afghanistan — and whether they should stay at all. Canadian politicians disagreed over how to resolve this foreign policy issue.
When Afghan president Hamid Karzai visited Canada in 2006, he thanked Canadians for their help and said Canada had made a great difference in the lives of millions of Afghans who were trying to rebuild their war-torn country.

35. Canadians’ Concerns
According to Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan, the debate about Canada’s role in Afghanistan revolved around the following issues:
the validity of Canada’s mission
the financial cost of the mission
the combat role of Canadian forces
the threat to the lives of Canadian forces
the relationship with the other forces operating in Afghanistan the length of the mission ( )

36. Canadian Opinion on Sending Troops to Afghanistan, July 2007

37. National Interests & Women’s Rights
When the Taliban controlled Afghanistan, girls were not allowed to go to school and women were not allowed to have careers.
New NATO-backed government set up a ministry of women’s affairs. Members of the Taliban disapproved of the ministry — and threatened people who worked there.
In September 2006, the Taliban assassinated Safia Ama Jan, a ministry official.

38. Afghanistan currently…
On December 9, 2010, it was announced that after the end of combat operations in July 2011, Canadian Forces (approximately 950 newly-posted specialized personnel) will be transferred from ISAF to the NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan to continue the training of the Afghan National Army and Afghan National Police.[30] – Wikipedia 2013

39. To know for Quiz: Boardstorming Come on up and write it down!