1. Warm-up: Friday - Write down 2 observations

2. Border Disputes

3. Warm-up: Monday Answer the following after you watch the video:
Why is the statue controversial?

4. Today’s Agenda Finish “Border Disputes” Law of the Sea
The Electoral College/ Map
This week’s homework:
Read Ch. 8, pages ; 227(electoral geography) – 234(first half)
Quiz NEXT Monday!

6. Electoral College Electoral College Explained (youtube video)
Extra credit to replace your lowest daily grade:
Who wins each state?

8. Warm-up: Tuesday What do you see?2 1 3 4

9. Get out a sheet of notebook paper
Title it “Electoral Geography”
In the upper right hand corner: P-4

10. Reapportionment - process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people
Redistricting – drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes

11. Watch the video … What is your opinion of this parody?

14. Gerrymandering visualized: https://www. washingtonpost

16. FRQ – 2015 #1
In the redistricting that occurred in 2012, voters in Maryland approved a redrawn Third Congressional District as shown in the map above. A geospatial analysis firm named it the least compact district in the nation.
A. Identify the political phenomena represented on this map.
B. Explain the relationship between redistricting and the United States Census.
C. Identify and discuss TWO political consequences that could result from redistricting.

17. A. Identify the political phenomena represented on this map.
Gerrymandering
Also acceptable: packing, cracking, wasted-vote, excess-vote, stacked-vote.

18. B. Explain the relationship between redistricting and the United States Census.
(1 point for basic or partial explanation; 2 points for full explanation) 1. Proportional Representation: U.S. Constitution requires a census every 10 years to reset proportional representation in the House of Representatives. 2. Allocating the number of seats: Census results are used to reapportion the number of seats allocated to each state in the House of Representatives. 3. Redraw boundaries: Census results are used to examine demographic changes to redraw district boundaries. 4. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Census data is analyzed by state political parties and political consultants using GIS programmed to determine the most advantageous house district boundary alignments.

19. C. Identify and discuss TWO political consequences that could result from redistricting.
(1 point for identification + 1 point for discussion) + (1 point for identification + 1 point for discussion) 1. Partisan Power: Redistricting by state governments often results in elections that strengthen/weaken the power of a particular party. This creates party-safe districts and may create/break congressional gridlock. 2. Lack of Social Cohesion/Sense of Community: Gerrymandered districts can be represented by a congressperson who lives far from other district residents or is not of the same ethnic or socioeconomic background as most district residents, resulting in greater tension or disillusionment. 3. Advantage/Disadvantage to individual candidates: Redistricting plans designed to protect or weaken the seats of incumbent candidates; weaken or improve the election possibility for challengers. Candidates can become more politically extreme.

20. 4. Advantage/Disadvantage for a voting bloc: Gerrymandered districts can strengthen the political power of certain voting blocs. It can disenfranchise at-risk communities and citizens from the political process. It links or divides areas of voters with similar characteristics (race/ethnicity, socioeconomic, labor, religious, urban/suburban/rural, etc.). 5. Create or preserve minority-majority district: To create a district favoring an ethnic group, or to accommodate surrounding minority-majority districts. 6. Lower voter participation: Confusion over the changing spatial patterns of districts, or the elimination of candidates who were redistricted out; can discourage some voters from participating in the political process. 7. Judicial challenges: States can be sued over the shape and contiguity of redistricting plans once they are signed into state law. Courts can order district boundaries to be redrawn under judicial supervision. 8. Preclearance: Prior to 2013, redistricting plans in some states had to be “precleared” by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) or a three-judge panel in DC, due to past federal discrimination cases regarding violation of the Voting Rights Act. The U.S. Supreme Court ended this practice in specific jurisdictions on June 25, DOJ and judges still have the power to preclear or intervene in redistricting plans but rules are unclear (as of 9/25/2013).

21. Warm-up: Wednesday
What do you think is the difference between a state and a nation?

22. State – independent country
Nation - a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity

23. GEOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STATES AND NATIONS
Political Organization of Space
APHG – Spring 2014
llhammon

24. Palestinians –Nation without a state “stateless nation”

25. Icelanders – Perfect nation-state
a sovereign state whose citizens are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

26. Flemings and Walloons in Belgium Bi-national state

27. Albanians - Irredentism
any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland. As such irredentism tries to justify its territorial claims on the basis of (real or imagined) historic or ethnic affiliations.

28. Turkey’s “New” Maps

29. Hungarians – Ethnic exclaves

30. U.S.S.R (former) – Multi-national state

31. Bretons & Basques in France Ethnic Enclaves

32. Germans – Multi-state nation

33. Territorial Morphology

34. Compact State - efficient
A politico-geographic term to describe a state that possesses a circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the center to any point on the boundary exhibits little variation
Relatively easy to govern
Cambodia, Uruguay, and Poland are examples
CAMBODIA
Compact State - efficient
Shapes of States

35. Elongated State – potential isolation
A state whose territory is decidedly long and narrow; its length is at least six times greater than its average width
Difficulties with transportation and
communications; often high regionalism
Chile, Vietnam, Gambia, and Laos are classic examples.
VIETNAM
Elongated State – potential isolation
Shapes of States

36. Protruded (prorupted) State – access or disruption
A type of territorial shape that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main body of the territory
‘protrusion’ is often peripheral from the
core with differing culture and
economy
Thailand and Myanmar are
leading examples
THAILAND
Protruded (prorupted) State – access or disruption
Shapes of States

37. Perforated State – South Africa
Completely surrounded the territory of other states
A ‘hole’ exists within the state’s territorial extent
Access to the outside world is difficult for the ‘hole’ state – needs to be on friendly terms with the ‘perforated’ state
South Africa is an excellent example (Lesotho and Swaziland are the
‘holes’) Other examples?
Perforated State – South Africa
Shapes of States

38. Fragmented State - Problematic
A state whose territory consists of several separated parts, not a contiguous whole
The individual parts may be isolated from each other by the land area of other states or by international waters
Separation is a challenge to communications and transportation; high regionalism
Philippines and Indonesia
are also examples.
MALAYSIA
Fragmented State - Problematic
Shapes of States

40. Warm-up: Monday
Without looking at anything, what words would you use to describe “geopolitics”?

41. GEOPOLITICS
Interplay among geography, power, politics, and international relations
Considers the strategic value of land and sea area in the context of national economic and military power and ambitions

42. GEOPOLITICS Jigsaw Organic Theory Heartland Theory Rimland Theory
Domino Theory

43. Warm-up: Tuesday
Kahoot! Review of Geopolitical theories

44. Forms of Government: Unitary
One central government controls everything
Power is not shared between states or provinces
majority of countries today

45. Form of Government: Federal
sovereign state where power is shared between the central (federal) government and the units of the federation (at least two).
Therefore, there are two levels of governance in the federal state, the central and the regional, each of which has specific powers (legislative, executive and judicial) granted to them by the Federal Constitution.

49. Warm-up: Monday
Create one or more memory devices to help you learn the countries of Europe. Be prepared to share!

50. Let’s finish talking about the EU
Review what we covered …
Finish presenting …
Article about the future of the EU

51. Warm-up: Tuesday
Kahoot! Europe map review …

52. Devolution
process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government (e.g., Basque and Catalonia in Spain, Chechnya in Russia, …).
The breakdown of a state into smaller political units
Local ethno-nationalism brings changes: political instability, regional separatism, creates new states/ borders, localizes power in smaller regions, economic instability, and mass migration (refugees/ethnic cleansing)

53. Examples of Devolution in Europe
Break up of a state
Demand for autonomy
Yugoslavia/ Balkans
Former U.S.S.R.
Czechoslovakia
Austria-Hungary
UK: Scotland, Wales, Ireland, N. Ireland
Spain: Basques, Catalonians
France: Corsica

54. Balkanization - geopolitical term, originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another.

56. Former Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was created as a multi-ethnic state at end of WWI to unite all South Slavic speakers
Relative peace under Josep Tito
“Yugoslavia has seven neighbors, six republics, five nationalities, four languages, three religions, two alphabets, and one dinar.”
Balkanization in 1990s: wars and ethnic cleansing broke country into Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, and Bosnia & Herzegovina - border disputes
Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008

57. Former Soviet Union

60. Devolution in the United States?

61. FRQ

62. Supranationalism vs. Devolution

63. Warm-up: Thursday
Kahoot! Europe map Review

64. Centripetal force – forces that unify a state – national culture, shared ideological objectives, common faith,…
Centrifugal force – forces that divide a state – internal religious, political, economic, linguistic, or ethnic differences

65. Fragile States Index What does it show?
annual ranking of countries based on their levels of stability and the pressures they face
In reference to the index, what does “sustainable” mean?
Ability to continue to be a stable country

66. Fragile States Index
Use the information to answer the analysis questions.

67. https://apmodels.wikispaces.com/Political+Geography

68. Scoop.it Political Geo

69. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
1. The world-economy has one market and a global division of labor
2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy
3. The world economy has a three-tier structure

70. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
The three-tier structure of the world economy
Use page 233 to identify the core, periphery, and semi-periphery
Define each of these categories in the key

71. Warm-up: Thursday
Look at your map representing Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory to answer the following questions:
1. List 3 countries that make up the core.
2. What are the characteristics of the core countries?
3. What are the characteristics of the periphery countries?