1. ANIMAL HABITATS
Chapter 10

2. SUCCESSION
Succession – the concept that communities proceed through a series of recognizable, predictable changes in structure over time
Climax community – a relatively stable, long-lasting community that is the result of succession

4. SUCCESSION
Primary succession – a successional progression that begins with a total lack of organisms and bare mineral surfaces or water
Secondary succession – a successional progression that begins with the destruction or disturbance of an existing ecosystem

5. LICHENS (mutualism between algae and fungus)

6. PIONEER STAGES

7. LATER SUCCESSIONAL (SERAL) STAGES

8. MT. ST. HELENS

9. MT. ST. HELENS

10. MT. ST. HELENS

13. SUCCESSION AFTER A FIRE

14. BIOMES
Biomes – terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distribution
Patterns of precipitation and temperature are two primary abiotic factors that have major impacts on the kind of climax community that develops in any part of the world

15. BIOMES OF THE WORLD

17. MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD
Desert
Temperate grassland
Savanna
Chaparral
Tropical dry forest
Tropical rain forest
Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate rain forest
Taiga, northern coniferous forest, boreal forest
Tundra

18. DESERT Low precipitation (<10 in. per yr.)
Temperature – hot daytime / cold at night

19. TEMPERATE GRASSLAND (Prairie)
10-30 inches of rainfall
Hot summers / cold winters

20. SAVANNA 20 – 60 inches of rain but long droughts
Tropical – no cold weather

21. CHAPARRAL Mediterranean Shrublands
Wet, cool winters / long dry summers

22. TROPICAL DRY FOREST
Several months of heavy rainfall followed by long dry period

23. TROPICAL RAINFOREST
Always warm / rains almost every day

24. TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
40 – 60 inches rainfall / has summer – winter changes of seasons / trees lose leaves in winter / place them in spring

25. TEMPERATE RAINFOREST
50 – 120 inches of rainfall / cool throughout most of year

26. TAIGA / NORTHERN CONIFEROUS FOREST-BOREAL
Short, cool summer / long winter with heavy snowfall

27. TUNDRA
North of the taiga with extremely cold winter / permafrost - < 10 inches rain

28. MAJOR AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Marine ecosystems – saltwater areas such as bays, gulfs, seas, and oceans
Freshwater ecosystems – ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers

29. PELAGIC MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Pelagic – open ocean environment; organisms float or swim
Plankton – small, weak swimmers that drift with the currents
Phytoplankton – plant-like plankton; they are photosynthetic (euphotic zone)
Zooplankton – animal-like plankton

30. PELAGIC MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Meroplankton – temporary plankton such as larval fish, crabs, shrimp, etc.
Holoplankton – permanently planktonic
Neritic – nearshore, shallow areas of the ocean
Intertidal – area between the high and low tide levels

31. NERITIC SPECIES

32. PELAGIC SPECIES

33. PHYTOPLANKTON

34. ZOOPLANKTON

35. MEROPLANKTON

36. HOLOPLANKTON

37. BENTHIC MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Benthic – live on, in, or near the bottom
Coral reef ecosystems – corals grow in clear, shallow, tropical seas
Mangrove swamp ecosystems – tropical forest ecosystems that grow in shallow water
Abyssal ecosystem – benthic ecosystem that occurs at great depths in the ocean

38. CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM

39. MANGROVE SWAMPS

40. SALT MARSHES

41. ABYSSAL ECOSYSTEM

42. ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Estuary – semi-enclosed body of water where freshwater and saltwater mix

43. FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
Lentic – stationary, non-flowing bodies of freshwater (ponds and lakes)
Lotic – flowing freshwater environments such as rivers, creeks, and streams