1. Biological Molecules

2. Student Notes Chart to fill out while viewing the presentation

3. Biochemical Processes
Living things depend on biochemical processes that involve chemical reactions among biochemical compounds.
6 elements make up 99% of all living tissue and combine to form the molecules that are the basis of cellular function

4. Carbon Carbon is especially important because:
It has 4 valence electrons
That form 4 covalent bonds
They make very stable and
complex structures called
organic molecules

5. Organic vs. Inorganic
Molecules containing carbon are organic molecules
Molecules without carbon are called inorganic molecules.
Water is the most important inorganic molecule in living organisms

6. Biomolecules are Macromolecules
“giant molecules”
Made up of smaller molecules
Polymerization: process of building large compounds by joining smaller compounds
These sub-units are called monomers
Combine to form polymers

7. Classes of Organic Molecules:
1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

8. Carbohydrates
Include carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O) chains of carbons with hydroxyl groups (-OH)
Main function: ENERGY source
Plants use carbs to help maintain structure
Unneeded carbs are stored for later use as a starch
Animals: glycogen

9. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugars (one sugar)
Monomers of carbs!
Ex:
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
glucose

10. Carbohydrates Disaccharides Double sugars (2)
2 monosaccharides joined together
Ex:
Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
sucrose

11. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Polymers (MANY monomers 10 plus)
Long chains of simple sugars
Used for energy storage
Animals: glycogen
Plants: plant starch
starch

12. Lipids Not soluble in water (hydrophobic)
Contain mostly C and H atoms (methyl, -CH, units) and some O
Used to store energy
Found in biological membranes
Insulate and waterproof or organisms
Examples Include:
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Steroids

13. Lipids Composed of a glycerol molecule and fatty acids
Saturated: each C atom is joined to other C atoms by single bonds
Unsaturated: at least one C to C double bond
Polyunsaturated: more than one double bond

14. Lipids Unsaturated fats are usually liquid
Saturated fats are usually solid
Found as fats solids in animals and oils in plants
Excess is linked to heart disease

15. Nucleic Acids Found in the nucleus of all living cells
The information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next
Contain H, O, N, C, and P
Monomers: nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of
5-carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
C, T, A, G

16. Nucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic information 2 nucleic acids:
DNA
RNA

17. Proteins Contain N, C, H, O Monomers are amino acids
One amino group (-NH2)
One carboxyl group (-COOH)
Monomers are amino acids
20 different amino acids in nature
Joined by peptide bonds
2 amino acids form a dipeptide bond
Additional amino acids form a polypeptide
Can join in any order– tremendous number of combinations!

18. Proteins Functions Control rate of reactions Regulate cell processes
Form bones and muscles
Transport substances in or out of cells
Fight diseases

19. Proteins Four levels of organization 1- chain of amino acids
2- a chain that is twisted, coiled, folded, or has hairpin turns
3- a chain that is itself folded into an intricate 3-dimentional structure
4- more than one folded chain bound together each with a specific arrangement

20. Proteins

21. Proteins
The sequence and arrangement of the amino acids determines the specific role of the protein
Some are structural (Collagen forms bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage)
Others are functional (Hormones such as insulin and biochemical catalysts called enzymes)

22. Proteins Enzymes Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Lowers activation energy
Energy needed to start a reaction

23. Composition of the Cell

24. store energy; membranes
Let’s Review!!
Macromolecule
Monomer
Elements
Function
Carbohydrate
monosaccharide
C, H, O
energy source
Lipid
glycerol + fatty acids
store energy; membranes
Nucleic Acid
nucleotide
H, O, N, C, P
genetic information
Protein
amino acid
N, C, H, O
rate of reaction, cell processes, bone/muscle formation, transport, fight disease

25. Biomolecule Structure