1. Proto-Industrialization
Early 18c Europe:
Proto-Industrialization
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Modified by Mr. K. Barrett

2. Village and
Small Town
Life

3. Small Town “Farmer’s Markets”

4. The Village School (17c)

5. Country People Playing a Ball Game

6. A Lace Maker

7. Supplemental Income  Cottage Industries: “Putting-Out” System

8. The “Putting-Out” System

9. Advantages of the Putting-Out System
Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes.
Take advantage of winter months when farming was impossible.
Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor.
Easier to reduce the number of workers when the economy was bad.
Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself.
Peasants acquired future skills.
Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth.

10. Disadvantage of the Putting-Out System??
When demand rose [which it did in the 18c] this system proved inefficient.
Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce peasant-workers to increase their output.
This dilemma eventually led to the factory system
All the workers were concentrated in one place under the supervision of a manager.
Water or steam power could easily be applied there.

11. “Apprentices at Their Looms” William Hogarth, 1687

12. Population
Changes

13. Population Density: 18c Europe

14. 18c Population Growth Rate

15. European Urbanization: 1500-1800

16. Industry & Population: 18c Europe

17. “Gin Lane” William Hogarth 1751

18. “Beer Street” William Hogarth 1751

19. Emancipation of the Peasantry to 1812

20. Why Was England
Different?

21. “Enclosed” Fields

22. British Raw Materials

23. 18c British Port

24. The Growth of England’s Foreign Trade in the 18c

25. 18c English “Nouveau Riche”: The Capitalist Entrepreneur

26. The Industrial Revolution
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Modified by K. Barrett THS

27. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

28. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

29. The Enclosure Movement

30. “Enclosed” Lands Today

31. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

32. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

33. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

34. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

35. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

36. Young Coal Miners

37. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

38. British Pig Iron Production

39. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

40. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

41. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

42. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

43. Textile Factory Workers in England

44. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

45. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

46. Jacquard’s Loom

47. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

48. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

49. The Power Loom

50. James Watt’s Steam Engine

51. Steam Tractor

52. Steam Ship

53. An Early Steam Locomotive

54. Later Locomotives

55. The Impact of the Railroad

56. “The Great Land Serpent”

57. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

58. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

59. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

60. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

61. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

62. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

63. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

64. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

65. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

66. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

67. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

68. Industrial Staffordshire

69. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman

70. The New Industrial City

71. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

72. Worker Housing in Manchester

73. Factory Workers at Home

74. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

75. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

76. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

77. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

78. Protests / Reformers

79. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

80. The Luddite Triangle

81. The Luddites

82. The Neo-Luddites Today

83. Peterloo Massacre, 1819
British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!

84. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

85. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

86. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

87. New Ways of
Thinking

88. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

89. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

90. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

91. Jeremy Bentham

92. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

93. Br. Govt. Response
to the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

94. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

95. British Reform Bill of 1832

96. British Reform Bills

97. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

98. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

99. Industrialization By 1850

100. Railroads on the Continent

101. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

102. The Politics of Industrialization
State ownership of some industries.
RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs  British Corn Laws.
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.
Bank of England.
Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal system.
Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

103. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College.
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”