1. Artifical Insemination-AI

4. Artificial breeding Breeding : Mating and production of offspring
Artificial breeding is also called as selective breeding/artificial selection.
Superovulation
In vitro fertilization
Artificial Insemination-AI
Cloning
Semen from high pedigree bull is selected and cows are inseminated
Two type of semen 1. RT 2. DF
Semen collected from bull kept frozen at temperature at -196C

5. What is AI
Introduction of semen into uterus/oviduct by some means other than sexual intercourse
The use of semen from genetically superior male to inseminate female resulting in genetically superior offspring.

6. Where is AI used Cattle Horses Swine Sheep Goats Dog Turkey Chicken
Rabbit
Fox
Humans

7. Why use AI
Depending upon needs and goal of individual breeding program, AI offers economically feasible means of increasing productivity over wide range of traits.

8. Factors considering in male fertility
Libido
Scrotal circumference
Semen evaluation

9. Semen Evaluation
Yellowish semen
Light cream coloured

10. Semen Evaluation
A uniform solid and dense appearance indicates high sperm concentration
A sample which appear translucent contain fewer sperm cells
Semen with curd, flakes,clumps appearance indicate inflammation

11. Semen evaluation for volume
It vary with age of bull
Young sire produce smaller volume which is not negative factor, as long as concentration is good

12. Motility Evaluation under microscope
Most semen contain 70% motile cells

13. Concentration Determined by no. of sperms per ml
This is most important indicator

14. Morphology The no. of abnormal sperm should not exceed 20%.
Most male do produce abnormal sperm.

15. The common causes for large number of spermatozoa with detached heads in a semen sample
testicular hypoplasia,
testicular degeneration,
senescence of spermatozoa due to sexual inactivity
occasionally specific conditions, such as decapitated sperm defect

16. 1200 million/ml (range 300-2500 million/ml)
Parameter
Normal Values
Ejaculate volume
5 ml (range 1-15 ml)
Sperm concentration
1200 million/ml (range million/ml)
Total sperm per ejaculate
Typically 4-5 billion
Progressive motility
Greater than 30%
Morphology
Greater than 70% norm

17. Proper fertility record for AI Female
Cow identity (name and no.)
Cow Dam and sire
Cow birth Date
Date last calving
No. of calving
Date expected to be on heat and actual heat Date
Date of insemination
Date of Pregnancy Diagnosis(P.D)
Date of Dry period
Expected calving Date
Actual Calving Date
Sex of Calf
Other records include health, production record
Average calving interval below 400 days
No. of insemination per conception blow than 1.5

19. Advantages Many females may be inseminated from semen from 1 ejaculate
Choice of using best possible proven sire of proven quality
Time of parturition can be synchronized in a herd when forage and feed stuffs are more available and weather is good for babies
Limits the risk of female getting STD
Limit the need to feed and house of male
Synchronization using hormones enable the herd of females to be artificially inseminated in 1 or 2 days
Safety and flexibility
Allows for elimination of dangerous dairy bull

20. Conservation of endangered species
1 bull can breed 5,00000 cows in life time
After death semen can be used
Improved management-Record keeping evaluation
Livestock of good genetic stock high milk producer, good meat producer, fast and efficient growth, low disease potential that otherwise could not breed due to behavioural, anatomical and physiological factors

21. No expensive handling, quarantine, and shipping costs of live animals
Allow for the practical use of gender selected semen where high percentage of progeny (> 90%) born are either male or female.
Reduces number of bulls needed for natural service.
Allows the producer not to use larger and heavier bulls on smaller animals leads to danger of injury to the females.

22. Disadvantages Oestrus detection must be good
Need facilities to perform AI Program
Need experience and training
Need to hire AI Technician
Materials and tools are costly
Technology to store cooled/frozen semen
Hormonal manipulation will cause adverse side effects in breeding female and shorten potential breeding life

23. Drug cost for oestrus synchronization
Use of poor male increase if not tested well.
Labour intensive due to need for watching the herd at least twice a daily for sign of oestrus activity
Risk of infection in vagina and uterus
Conception rate of female are lowered if they are handled roughly

24. Recto-vaginal approach
Steps for AI
Restrain the animal.

26. Raise the tail with hand and gently massage the rectum with lubricated glove on left hand.
Gently wipe the vulva with paper towel to remove excess manure and debris.
Insert the gun at 30 upward angle to avoid the entering in urethral opening and bladder

33. Vasectomy in bulls

34. Question
Do Birds have oestrous cycle?
Egg candler

37. Breeding bull sound examination BBSE
Age 12 months
Physical examination of bull-BCS Body condition score
Unsoundness in feet, legs, eyes
Examining of penis, Testicles,scrotal circumference
Libido
Examining the accessory sex glands by rectal palpation
Sample of semen collected for checking morphology and motility
Campylobacter fetus venerealis (using Clark's medium) or Tritrichomonas foetus 
ultrasonography

38. Collection of semen Recovery method
Massage method/digital manipulation
Electro- ejaculation
Artificial vagina-AV

39. Facilities needed for semen collection
Facilities for safety collector
Earthen floor/dry roughages to prevent slipping
Means to restrain the teasing animal
Easy access for semen collection
Bull handler

40. Recovery method Oldest method Bull is allowed to mount/jump on cow
Semen is collected from vagina by spoon, aspiration, or sponge
Draw backs
Bacteria are mixed
Vaginal fluid is mixed, mixing with urine
Introduce the vaginal bag

41. Massage method Gently inserted the lubricated hand and forearm
Massage of seminal vesicle with finger by backward and downward stroke
Assistant will collect the seminal fluid or semen
Massage of ampullae
Precaution: carefully wash and rinse the prepuce and prepuce hairs
Inflammation of glands

42. Collection by electro-ejaculation
Apparatus
Electro ejaculator
Salt solution
Semen receptacle
Tranquilizer

43. Procedure Wild animals and bull
It is used in those bull which can not mount
Rectum of bull is flushed with normal salt solution
Ejaculation of semen is brought out by inserting the probe/electrode in bull rectum by stimulating the nerves of pelvic system
By gradual increasing the voltage with rhythmic fashion
The nerves are stimulated by increasing the voltage of 0-to 15 volts

44. Electo-ejaculator
Electo-ejaculator

45. 2 volts increase after 5-10s and then returning to zero.
It will bring ejaculation
We can give tranquilizer to bull to reduce strain
It is used in those which can not mount

46. Sexual stimulation in bull
Why there is need of sexual stimulation?
Bull will mount
To ejaculate more, get maximum number of sperms
Method for sexual stimulation
Exposing the bull to teaser animal for 2-3mint
False mount

47. Increasing sex drive could be reduced
Introducing a new teaser animal 
Moving teaser animal to different area 
Presenting 2 teasers
Allowing teaser/ another bull to mount the bull to be collected 
Bringing new bull into the collection area 
Collecting semen from new bull 

48. Collection by AV AV components
A heavy hard outer cylinder open at both ends with a nozzle for air and water in and outlet.
Inner sleeve of rubber or rubber liner.
The semen receiving cone or rubber cone.
Semen collection tube

49. AV

50. Before using for semen collection all the parts are washed thoroughly and sterilized properly, and assembled as artificial vagina.

51.  Requirements of AV
Pressure: Now the space between the hard rubber hose and inner rubber liner is filled with hot water to provide. Air is blown through the nozzle into the water jacket, to create pressure.

52. Temperature: By warm water of 42-45C at collection 
The temperature of the artificial vagina is more important and should always be checked before making the collection.
Too high temperature may cause injury to the penis and the bull may refuse to serve in future, whereas at lower temperature, there may not be complete ejaculation.
Lubrication: The inner side of the rubber liner on the anterior side of the artificial vagina is lubricated with sterile K-Y jelly

53.  During collection, the artificial vagina is held at an angle of 45o with the horizontal plane of the cow/steer or dummy.
It is so because the penis of the bull enters the vagina of the cow at that angle.
When the bull mounts the penis is quickly guided into the artificial vagina with the operator’s hand.

56. Care is taken not to touch the exposed part of the penis, as this stimulates the bull to ejaculate.
After the bull dismounts, the artificial vagina is taken off the penis and is kept in an upright condition after releasing the pressure by draining water and air out of it.
This allows the ejaculate to flow from the cone to the vial, which is then detached from the cone and taken to the laboratory for examination

57. Precautions Prevent cold shock Protect collection tube from sunlight
Avoid contamination of semen by urine
Use a different sterile AV for each ejaculation